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APPLICATION OF TOTAL
QUALITY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR OF NIGERIA ECONOMY
ABSTRACT
The research work looks at the Application Total Quality
Management Techniques in the manufacturing sector of Nigerian Economy, a case
study of Emenite Ltd Emene Enugu.
Questionnaire were distributed randomly to staffs of Emenite
in other to obtain information necessary to answer the three (3) hypotheses
questions. The data obtained were
analysed by the use of frequency distribution and percentage and the results
were presented in tables. The researcher
find out that total quality management is a prerequisite for reducing errors
and unproductive activities in the organization. It was also discovered that for efficiency
and effectiveness in the organizational performance total quality management
must be adherence to strictly and followed to the later. Also find out that TQM is a new concept in
Nigeria manufacturing industries.
From the analysis of data collected through questionnaires
and personal interview, some problems were identified. These include; the success a good total
quality management in an organization depends very much on the quality of
management and supervisory personnel in the organization. Planning and measurement are half hazardly
done and this is a major prerequisite for the successful implementation of TQM.
From the research, it is quite obvious that TQM goes beyond
managers rendering lip service to conventional service quality wisdom. It also transcend a mysterious process, the
success of which depends on an elusive combination of organizational, cultural
or market management process which produces results through adherence to a
clear well-articulated and consistent methodology.
The research work is divided into five chapters. Chapters one discuss the background of the
study, statement of problems, objective of the study and draw three hypotheses,
which was duly analysed in chapter four.
Chapter two and three discuss the relevant literature review and the
research design and methodology respectively.
Whole chapter five was on the findings, summary and recommendation.
Finally, this is a relatively new area. More research is needed here by professional
management parishioners to get a more general view of what Total Quality
Management practice in the manufacturing industry is about especially now that
the system of government in Nigeria, which is democracy, is greatly favouring
the manufacturing sector through its policies on ban on importation.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Today, the universe has witnessed various changes that had
been affecting human existence, particularly from the period of Stone Age to
the computer age. The full conceptual significance
of the modern view of quality cannot be conveyed by such a succinct expression
as “total quality”. The adjective
‘total’ is so broad that inevitably it becomes ambiguous; any plausible
interpretation could be included (even that of absolute quality, free of
defects).
Conventionally ‘total’ is used to indicate company. Wide application, and terms like total
quality management or, better still company-wide quality management embraces
the entire company and everyone within the company. The term quality management is intended to
convey a vertical approach to quality in an organization i.e. quality is a
matter of concern for everybody in an organization.
Feigenbaum (1983) Pioneers the total quality message by his
emphasis on the managerial and system aspect he opined that: total quality
control is an effective system for integrating the quality development
(planning) quality maintenance (control) and quality improvement efforts of the
various groups in an organization so as to enable production and service at the
most economical levels which allow for full customer satisfaction.
Conti (1993) defines Total Quality management as a philosophy
of management that strives to make the best use of all available resources and
opportunities by constant improvement.
Total Quality management is the key business improvement strategy and
they key management issue of the future because it is essential for efficiency
and competitiveness. He further
emphasized that Total Quality management is a corporate business management
philosophy, which recognizes that, customers needs and business goals are in
separable. It is applicable within both
industry and public enterprise.
It ensures maximum effectiveness and efficiency within a
business and secures commercial leadership by putting in place process and
system which will promote excellence, prevent errors and ensure that every
aspect of the business is aligned to customer needs and the advancement of
business goals without duplication or waste of effort by releasing the full
potential of all employees.
Lucky (1984) sees Total Quality Management as the culture of
quality awareness and quality improvement in every process in every level in
the organization. He takes an
extensional view of quality as compared with the traditional western internal
view. The internal view of quality
concentrates on ensuring that the times produced conform to their specification
with accepted tolerances. The external
view on the other hand is pioneered by the Japanese, places much more emphasis
on the original design, which the customer ordered.
In today’s global business rivalry, the long-term survival of
any organization depends on its continuous ability to satisfy customer’s needs
and expectations in respect of the quality of the service provided or products
functionality. Total quality management
can also be defined as a total company-wide effort that includes all employees,
suppliers and customers that seeks continuously to improve the quality of products
and processes to meet the needs and expectations of the customers at the lowest
overall cost.
The Guardian May 18, 1999 contribute that total quality
management is a total way of life, an enhancing culture which drives the entire
organization. In order words, Total
Quality Management organizationally implores a total company-wide effort
involving suppliers, customers, employees, managers and executives in a
lifetime process of satisfying each other’s requirement as internal or external
customers to each other.
The application of total quality management techniques in the
manufacturing sector of Nigerian economy revolves round product delivery. Nigeria became politically independent in
1960 but it took a period of seventeen years (1977) for her to come up with a
statement of objectives to guide the citizens.
Even ten years later (1987) these objectives are free and democratic
society, a united strong and self-reliant nation, a great and dynamic economy
and a land of bright and full opportunities for all, then seen as a beautiful
dream to be realized, have become a night mare from all indications this dream
did not score a ‘pass mark’ on the five objectives which was set some years
ago. It should not come as a surprise
that we are beset with myriads of problems.
Notable among them are: inflation, unemployment, scarcity of goods, high
cost of raw materials, dysfunctional communication system, political
instability, all compounded further insecurity, bad image, and lack of
discipline among her citizens.
Since the manufacturing sector is a component of the social
system, it is logical to conclude that it cannot be doing well especially when
it is realized that it is perceived and regarded a vital socializing
agency. The interesting thing about it
is the publication of the first policy on manufacturing sector.
The promise about the implementation the policy some years
ago and up till now, what we have is a sketchy and haphazard adoption of
selected items on the document by few company’s certain skills and values which
would be indispensable to the survival of manufacturing sector, in the new
millennium are yet to be incorporated hence the examination of total quality
management techniques in the manufacturing sector of Nigerian economy.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Asika (1999/2000) posited that a problem is recognized when a
doubt is raised, difficulty is created or dissatisfaction occurs and a solution
is needed on this note, the foundation upon which any research work is based is
the probing question initiated by the numerous problems which this research
undertaking is set to address. Some of
them are mentioned below:
- The idea of
total quality management techniques in the existing manufacturing sector of
Nigerian economy.
- The monitory
of total quality control techniques in setting standards in organization.
- Continuous
improvement in total quality control objectives, policies and strategies in
manufacturing sector.
- Commitment to
total quality control training and management.
- The implementation
of strategies embracing the process of total quality management techniques.
- Measurement of
performance and management horizons to sustain improvement on potential
problems.
- The
management, priorities and coordination of problem solving activities.
1.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The reason for carrying out this research work is to review
all relevant concepts of total quality management techniques and investigate
its application on the manufacturing sector of Nigerian economy, as it has
yielded positive result in some other sectors.
The specific of objectives are:
-
To identify the challenges and benefits of total quality management
techniques in Nigerian manufacturing sector.
-
To identify and formulate some guidelines for the implementation of
total quality management techniques in Emenite Limited Emene Enugu.
-
To finding ways of improving the quality of Emenite’s product.
1.4 HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
These hypothesis include:
1. Ho: Total quality management techniques does
not ensure continuous
improvement on consumer standard and expectation.
Hi: Total quality
management techniques ensure continuous improvement on consumer standard and
expectation.
2. Ho: Total quality management does not
contribute to the profitability
of the organisation.
Hi: Total quality
management contributes to the profitability of the organisation.
3. Ho: Quality is not a significant aspect of the
economy to ensure value
for money.
Hi: Quality is a
significant aspect of the economy to ensure value for money
1.5 SCOPE OF
THE STUDY
The scope of the study tends to cover the geographical,
demographically, social and economic boundaries of the study. But this study is expected to cover the
application of total quality management in the manufacturing sector of Nigerian
economy as it results to excellence, cost reduction, and realization of
organizational objectives.
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The reason for this study is to examine the effect of total
quality management techniques on the battered Nigerian manufacturing sector and
how it can be implemented with particular reference to Emenite Limited Emene,
Enugu.
It is pertinent to unravel all the problems traceable to the
Nigerian manufacturing sector. After
through examination of total quality management techniques on the manufacturing
sector, the findings of study will help in:
- Reducing errors, wastes, long cycle time
and delay in operations in the sector.
-
Preventing problems before they occur instead of five fighting approach
problem solving.
-
Establishing individual and department cooperation through teamwork.
-
Emphasizing on process, focus and places premium on prevention rather
than inspection and crisis management.
-
Providing quality objectives involving motivation through empowerment.
1.7
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Most quality control decisions are determined by management
at the national level hence they information could not be obtained.
Vital information even at the factory needed for very
effective study of this research work were withheld as they were classified as
strictly confidential.
Time constraints necessitated as a result of time frame for
submission of research work did not permit for extensive search for information
at Emenite Limited Emene Enugu.
1.8 DEFINITIONS
OF TERMS
Definitions of terms serves as the dictionary of this
research. The terms are defined to
enable the reader understand the research more clearly.
Quality: ANSI/ANGC standard A.3 (1978) is the totality of
features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability
to satisfy stated or implied needs.
Total quality:
Deming (1971) is the statistical control of quality in application of
statistical principles and techniques in all stages of design, production,
maintenance and satisfaction of demand.
Management:
Akpoyomare (1991) is a breach of learning that is concerned with the
skilful employment, utilization, and control of people, plants, materials,
tools, money and information with the aim of achieving a defined purpose or
goal.
Total quality management:
Conti (1993) this means a philosophy of management that strives to make
the best us of all available resources and opportunities by constant
improvement.
Satisfaction:
Akpoyomare (1991) is a person’s feeling of pleasure or disappointment
resulting from company outcome in relation to his or her expectations.
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