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THE ROLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND PUBLIC
COMPLAINT COMMISSION: A STUDY OF CHILD
ABUSE IN NIGERIA
Table of
Content
i. Title
ii. Declaration
iii. Certification
iv. Dedication
v. Acknowledgment
vi. Table of Contents
vii. Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
– INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Hypothesis
/Research questions
1.5 Research questions
1.6 Scope
and Limitation of the study
1.7 Significance of the study
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
2.1 Literature Review
2.2 Theoretical Conceptualization Of Child
Abuse
2.3 Causes Of Child Abuse
2.4 Types Of Child Abuse
2.5 The Impact Of Family Problem On Child Abuse
2.6 Child Abuse And Overview of Nigeria’s Child
Rights Act
2.7 Relationship Between Poverty and Child Abuse
2.8 The Role Of National Human Rights And Public
Complaint
Commission In Fighting Child Abuse
2.9 Psychological Effects Of Abuse on
Children
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population
of study
3.3 Sampling
3.4 Research Instrument
3.5 Validity and Reliability
3.6 Research procedure
3.7. Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Test Of Hypothesis
CHAPTER
FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2
Conclusion
5.3
Recommendations
5.4 Suggestion
for further study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE
ABSTRACT
The study
examined the role of Human Rights institutions in the country in addressing the
problem of child abuse.
The
objective of this study is causes, types and effects of child abuse on the
child, the family and the nation. The
work is meant to draw closer attention on this increasing scourge and access
measures of addressing to preserve the fundamental human rights of the child as
entrenched under the Nigeria Child Right Act.
In the study, the researcher defined what
child abuse is; the various forms of child abuse, and also identified some of
the causes and consequences of child abuse as a reflection of the societal
problem and its impact on the life of the child. The study also evaluated the extent of
damages it does to the abused child and the Nigerian society. In order to
gather relevant data and information on the subject matter, the researcher used
the questionnaire as data collection instrument, which was administered on 200
respondents within the FCT which is the limit of the scope of the study. A self constructed questionnaire titled Child
Abuse Questionnaire (CAQ) was administered on the students after validation.
The instrument has construct validity co-efficient of 0.756 and reliability
co-efficient of 0.95. The statistical technique that was used to analyse the
data collected was Chi-Square distribution test. The result of the analysis
showed that there was a significant relationship between poverty and economic
deprivation and child abuse in Nigeria. Also the study revealed that child
abuse is still very prevalent in Nigeria and also that religious and cultural
influences contribute to child abuse in Nigeria.
The result
revealed that the Rights institutions are not doing enough to arrest the
problem of child abuse and that the child right act is not working in Nigeria.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The Collins
concise dictionary defines juvenile as pertaining to the young or immature of
youth or childhood. This comprises the child and the adolescent. According to
World Health Organization (WHO), a child falls within the age group of 0 – 19
years. Some countries further include any one less than or up to 21 years. The
Nigerian labour act defines a child as those who are 16 years of age and below
but the International Labour Organization (ILO) has brought it down to
individuals below 15years of age.
Child abuse
can be defined as 'an intentional or neglectful physical or emotional injury
imposed on a child, including sexual molestation.' (Garner 1999:10) Child abuse
violates the United Nation Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nation's
Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted in 1989 and the African Charter
on the Rights and Welfare of the African Child.
Child abuse
can be seen as situation whereby the fundamental human right of a child is
tempered with. That is, the child is not given adequate care and protection as
it's the responsibility of every parent to take good care of their children.
This rights are right to education, religion, freedom, movement, shelter etc.
The child on most occasion is exposed to unnecessary hardship and odds in life.
Although
child abuse occurs in Nigeria, it has received little attention. This is
probably due to the emphasis placed on the more prevalent childhood problems of
malnutrition and infection. Another possible reason is the general assumption
that in every African society the extended family system always provides love,
care and protection to all children. Yet there are traditional child rearing
practices which adversely affect some children, such as purposeful neglect or
abandonment of severely handicapped children, and twins or triplets in some
rural areas. With the alteration of society by rapid socioeconomic and
political changes, various forms of child abuse have been identified,
particularly in the urban areas. These may be considered the outcome of
abnormal interactions of the child, parents/ guardians and society. They
include abandonment of normal infants by unmarried or very poor mothers in
cities, increased child labour and exploitation of children from rural areas in
urban elite families, and abuse of children in urban nuclear families by
child-minders . Preventive measures include provision of infrastructural
facilities and employment opportunities in the rural areas in order to prevent
drift of the young population to the cities. This would sustain the supportive
role of the extended family system which is rapidly being eroded. There is need
for more effective legal protection for the handicapped child, and greater
awareness of the existence of child abuse in the community by health and social
workers.
Therefore
this study is to bring to limelight the incidence of child abuse in Nigeria,
the various forms of abuse children pass through, the consequences of child
abuse to the child, family and society, and
what remedy is the government and its agencies proffering to the
problem,
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In the course of this research, the
research proposes to identify some of the causes and consequences of child
abuse as a reflection of the societal problem and its impact on the life of the
child.
The first
problem proposes to identify the various forms of child abuse in Nigeria, and
evaluate the extent of damages it does to the abused child and the Nigerian
society.
Secondly we
will examine how the Nigerian government is addressing the situation through
its various Right institutions.
Thirdly, the psychological effects it
has on the average Nigerian child and how they affect their future.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of this study is causes,
types and effects of child abuse on the child, the family and the nation. The work is meant to draw closer attention on
this increasing scourge and access measures of addressing to preserve the
fundamental human rights of the child as entrenched under the Nigeria Child
Right Act.
The work is also to inquire into who
are the abusers of the child and recommend the appropriate punishment to curb
the act.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following questions give a better
insight into the problems this research project
attempt to resolve.
1. Is child abuse increasing in Nigeria or
decreasing?
2. Is the government really making progress
in addressing the menace of child abuse in Nigeria?
3. What are the roles of the Human Rights
institution in addressing child abuse in Nigeria?
4. What are the various challenges facing the
government is addressing child abuse in Nigeria?
5. What is the relationship between poverty
and child abuse in Nigeria?
6. What role is religion and culture playing
in contributing to child abuse in Nigeria?
1.5 HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
Hypothesis are assumptions made by the
researcher in order to test the theoretical framework of the research through
empirical analysis of data collected to enable him arrive at a reasonable
conclusion as whether or not the hypothesis is valid or not.
The hypotheses to be tested in this
research work are stated as follows:
1. H0: Child
abuse cases are no longer prevalent in the Nigeria society.
H1: Child abuse cases are still prevalent in
Nigeria society.
2. H0: There
is no significant relationship between poverty and child abuse in Nigeria
H1¬: There is a significant relationship between
poverty and child abuse in Nigeria
3. H0: Religious
and cultural influences do not contribute to child abuse in Nigeria
H1: Religious
and cultural influences do contribute to child abuse in Nigeria
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work was carried out
among Nigerian adults within the FCT and it lends itself to assessing the
causes, types and effect of child abuse in Nigeria.
The study
covered 200 adults in FCT and questionnaires were distributed to the following
stakeholders or respondents:
1. Civil servants
2. The Nigeria Police Force
3. Nigeria Immigration service
4. Civil Defence Corps
5. Professionals (Doctors, Lawyers etc)
This
research also intends to look at the roles of Human Right institutions in
Nigeria in addressing the menace. It also intends to proffer a definite
solution to the menace, but due to the time and space given within when to
submit this project work, coupled with other academic work, the researcher has
to restrict himself to only few individuals within the FCT.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Every day,
there are children living hungry, neglected, sexually exploited and fearful. An
abusive environment is certainly no way for a child to grow up. Children have
the right to safe and maturing environment. In our society, one sees children
engaged in petty-trading and street begging; while some hawk for their parents
and guardians when they should be laying a solid foundation for their future.
One also sees cases of child prostitution to get money. Parents leave their
children at home uncatered for and run after money making. The average school
teacher today has on his hands a crisis resulting from parent's abdication of
their responsibilities and many teachers believe this has adversely affected
character and output of the child (Ale, A., (2007). There are cases of
deprivation of adequate nutrition. There is also exploitation of children as
aids by handicapped adults during street begging. In the era of high rates of
parental poverty, unemployment, inflation and social exclusion, parental care
of several children in Nigeria has fallen below expectation; not necessarily
because their parents are illiterate, ignorant, abusive or neglectful but
largely because-of inequality of access to child care resources. When parents
are unable to adequately meet the welfare of their children, one expects that
family and childcare institution should intervene. Unfortunately, the childcare
institutions in the country are incapacitated by poverty or lack of fund.
According to
Adeniran K,( 2003), abused children grow up as callous, insensitive adults with
varied repercussions for families and society. They become cognitively
deficient and create various cadres of street children.
This project
work represents a timely contribution to knowledge and developments in
combating child abuse and neglect in Nigeria particularly the girl-child, who
are the major victims of child abuse. It focuses on causes, types, effects and
suggests remedy. It also looks into the role of security agencies, policy
makers, stakeholders, Rights institutions and the judiciary in tackling the
rising cases of Child abuse. This project work also provides an insight into
which further research work on this topic could be successfully carried out by
both students of Humanities and Social Sciences.
To the Nigerian
public and security agencies, this work provides an assessment handbook on the
problem: Child abuse in Nigeria- and its negative effect on social and economy
life of the victim and the country.
To this end
some crucial hypothesis were raised to find solution to the menace.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
It must be
understood that many constraints were encountered in the course of this project
work. One of such limitation was inadequate access to documents. Information
was largely gathered through certain documents, questionnaire, interviews and
newspapers in the national library.
Also, one
would not be right to rely wholly on the validity of the interview conducted
since some members of the public tend to respond due to the level of their
knowledge.
Economic
hardship is a principal constraint of this project. Cost of research materials
has increased astronomically with higher transportation cost and other
miscellaneous expenses like photocopying etc.
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