CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN NIGERIA-THE PROSPECT AND CHALLENGES FOR PEACE-A CASE STUDY OF IFE MODAKEK CRISIS
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CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN
NIGERIA-THE PROSPECT AND CHALLENGES FOR PEACE-A CASE STUDY OF IFE MODAKEK
CRISIS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Nigeria is a large multi-ethnic country where ethnic
cleavages remain a critical problem and ethnic violence has erupted
periodically. Among the prominent conflicts in Nigeria are: Ife-Modakeke Crisis
in Osun State; Yoruba-Hausa Clashes in Shagamu, Ogun State; Eleme-Okrika
Conflict in Rivers State; Zango-Kataf in Kaduna State; Tiv-Jukun in Wukari, Taraba State; Ogoni-Adoni in Rivers
State; Chamba-Kuteb in Taraba State;
Itsekiri-Ijaw/Urhobo in Delta State; Aguleri-Umuleri in Anambra State;
Ijaw-Ilaje conflict in Ondo State; Basa-Egbura
in Nassarawa State; Hausa/Fulani-Sawaya in Bauchi, among others. These
conflicts have provided a pattern that makes scholars to attribute their causes
to greed, power and wealth distribution. The impacts of these crises have led
to loss of lives, displacement of people, destruction of properties, etc. Thus,
the greatest challenge facing the process of conflict resolution in Nigeria is
the issue of maintaining balance among the conflicting parties by the third
party (preferably the Nigerian Government). This balance, however, can only be
met if the roots of the conflict(s) are traced and treated fairly. Going by
this analysis, the lessons from the Ife-Modakeke crisis makes a good study
because of its strategic importance in Yoruba history; and again, its prospect
for conflict resolution in Nigeria.
Conflict resolution in Nigeria is multifaceted in that it
refers to a process aimed at resolving ethnic conflicts through constructive
means. In most cases, Panels/Committees set up to investigate communal clashes
often identify the underlying causes of the conflict and address them through
solutions that are mutually satisfactory, self-perpetuating, and sustaining.
While it is true that not all conflicts lend themselves to conflict resolution
techniques, the Ife-Modakeke crisis makes an exception. In the words of A. R.
Asiyanbola (2007), the Ife-Modakeke crisis remains the oldest intra-ethnic
conflict in Nigeria which makes the process of peace making a realistic one.1
The Ife and Modakeke are both Yoruba of Osun State in
southwestern Nigeria. According to oral tradition, both are descendants of
Oduduwa, the perceived progenitor of the Yoruba people.2 The socio-cultural and
political systems of the two communities are essentially identical and their
geographical distribution largely overlaps. As related as Ife and Modakeke are,
however, both have engaged in protracted conflict for over a century. The
Modakeke people are generally considered strangers, tenants, and migrants in
Ife. On the other hand, the Ifes’ regard themselves as the ‘landlord’ over the
people of Modakeke.
Historical accounts suggest that the people of Modakeke
migrated and settled in Ile-Ife in the aftermath of the collapse of the Old Oyo
empire in the nineteenth century, causing a refugee crisis to the south and
resulting in the occupation of their contemporary location.3 Two distinct
categories of people were thus created: the original settlers (landlords) and
the migrants, tenants, farmhands, and a resettled group considered as refugees
(Modakeke).4 These categorizations form the remote causes of the conflicts
between the two groups.
It is recognized that the causes of the conflicts between
Ifes and Modakekes are many and varied.
Historians generally trace the crisis to pre-colonial Nigeria especially during
the Yoruba internecine wars of the nineteenth century.5 Some of the identified
major conflicts that broke out between the two groups include:
The two bloody battles of 1849.
The communal war of December 1882.
The conflict over selection of Imam by the Modakeke in 1934.
The Isakole (Land Rent) dispute of 1946 – 47.
The confrontation over the reception of a British
parliamentarian (Rev. Sorenson) in January 1949.
The conflict over the establishment of Modakeke High School.
The conflict over the establishment of Olorunsogo Plank Market,
The opposition to self help development projects by a Fund
Raising activity of Modakeke in 1980.
And the request for a separate Local Government Council with
began in 1950s.6
Efforts of the Nigerian government (both the Federal and the
State Governments) in resolving these crises and the impact of the resolutions
taken have had on the peoples of Ife and Modakeke is worth studying.
Objectives of the Study
This study seeks to achieve the following objectives:
(i) Provide a historical
background to Conflict resolution in Nigerian using Ife-Modakeke Crisis as a
case study;
(ii) Examine the
origin of the Ife-Modakeke Crisis;
(iii) Analyse the
various factors responsible for the continuous mayhem between Ife and Modakeke
despite the intervention of the Nigerian Government (as the third party);
(iv) Discuss the
implications of Ife-Modakeke Crisis and the conflict resolution adopted in the
area on the future of peace making among the various ethnic groups in Nigeria.
Statement of the Problem
Conflict resolution in Nigeria is still in its developmental
stage. The Ife-Modakeke Crisis in Osun State; Yoruba-Hausa Clashes in Shagamu,
Ogun State; Eleme-Okrika Conflict in Rivers State; Zango-Kataf in Kaduna State;
Tiv-Jukun in Wukari, Taraba State;
Ogoni-Adoni in Rivers State; among others all follow the same pattern of
escalation. While the Ife-Modakeke crisis remains the oldest of these
conflicts, there is a need to develop an adaptive conflict resolution model that
would arrest the situation before escalation. Using Ife-Modakeke as a case
study, the causes, course and effects of ethnic conflicts in Nigeria could be
understood and would have a long term implication for peace process in Nigeria.
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Scope of the Study
This study covers conflict resolution in Nigeria using
Ife-Modakeke crisis as case study. It also focuses on the various resolutions
and peace processes initiated by the Nigerian government, the various community
stakeholders, and the peoples of Ife and Modakeke in resolving the crisis.
Limitation of the Study
While this study attempts to give a comprehensive detail on
conflict resolution in Nigeria, it does not attempt to historicize conflict
resolution in all the conflicting regions of the country.
Significance of the Study
This study is of practical importance to the indigenes of
both Ife and Modakeke who are the main actors in the crisis. This study will
expose their historical origin of these two communities which should unite them
rather than separate them.
It will also help both the indigenes of the two communities
to understand the history, traditions, customs, beliefs and taboos of the other
group in other to accommodate each other.
This study is useful to scholars’ especially historians,
political scientists, peace educators and conflict resolution experts.
Finally, this study is of strategic importance to the
Nigerian government especially in the area of conflict resolution. It will help
policy makers to detect early conflict, manage early escalation of conflict and
ensure peaceful relations among the various ethnic groups in Nigeria.
Research Methodology
This study adopts the historical research methodology.
historical research methodology is most appropriate in studying the history of
a particular society. It has a documentary value of the local achievements and
challenges faced by the people.
In regard to the above method, this research depends largely
on primary sources especially oral tradition, chants, war songs, official
documents (from the Osun State Government and from the Federal Republic of
Nigeria), pictures, and many more. Over twenty people have been contacted in
the two communities of Ife and Modakeke for oral interview. Different modes of
collecting data (mostly oral interview) were adopted. Tape recorder was
employed to collect data. The language used in collecting data was Yoruba and
later transcribed to English language and then cross-examined to check their
level of objectivity and relevance.
In addition to the above, field work were carried out in the
two communities so as to get first such hand information as regards the
perceptions of the indigenes concerning the crisis.
Secondary sources were also sourced to enrich this research
work. Published works on the history of the peoples of Ife and Modakeke were
consulted to provide a scholarly guideline on the causes, course and effects of
the Ife-Modakeke crisis and its overall implication on peace building in
Nigeria.
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