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EXPLORING THE
DETERMINANTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP SPIRIT AMONG UNDERGRADUATE IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
In Nigeria today the rate of joblessness is on the increase;
because of lack of provision of jobs by the federal government of Nigeria.
Entrepreneurship programmes have really tried recently to encourage
undergraduate to cultivate the spirit of entrepreneurship while still in
school.
The essence of the introduction of the entrepreneurship
programmes in most tertiary institutions is to give the undergraduate the
necessary knowledge background of the importance of being an entrepreneur.
According to (baudear, 1910); he defined entrepreneurship as
an innovative management. Cantillion (1965) described it as self-employment
accompanied with uncertainty in returns; Kao (1993) extended the definition to
include the process of wealth and value creation. There are so many definition
as regard the research topic; according to Schumpeter (1934) he considered the entrepreneur to be an
innovator who carried out new combinations; say (1964) and Knight, (1921) were
of the view that he was an extraordinary manager with Say considering him a
highly talented manager and Knight described him as a managerial risk-taker.
Marshal (1964) drew a distinction between an entrepreneur and
a manager. In more recent times Drucker (1985) called him an opportunity
maximizer. Recent literature on the entrepreneur can be grouped into the
descriptive and the prescriptive approaches, the traits model and the social
development model. Under the descriptive approach, an entrepreneur is defined
by describing the characteristics or attributes that he possess. Some of the
attributes in the literature include the internal locus of control Rotter
(1966), a high need for achievement McClelland (1961); Brockhaus, (1980),
Clayton (1981) and possession of vision and a sense of mission (Silver, 1986,
1988). Flexibility, imagination and a willingness to take risks were added to
the growing list of attribute by Stevenson and Gumpert (1985) form their study.
A total of eleven common characteristics were identified in independent studies
by Baumback (1981), Welsh and Young (1984), and Welsh and White (1983): namely:
good health, realism, superior conceptual ability, self confidence, a need to
control or direct (internal locus of control), attraction to challenges,
sufficient emotional stability, self – control, initiative, balance and control
and enterprises (self –reliant attitude supported by confidence in one’s
ability to take risks). Sexton and Bowman (1985) study showed the entrepreneur
to be tolerant of ambiguity, preferring autonomy, aloof, enjoying risk – taking,
resists conformity and readily adapting to changes. Another recent study found
entrepreneurs starting larger firms tend to have more education, more
management experience and objectives that were more entrepreneurial in nature (
cooper, A. C. et al, 1989). Yee (1992) study supported the risk- taking
attitude first presented by earlier studies an entrepreneur is an incubator of
novel ideas who is distinguished from the run- of-mill small business sense,
innovativeness and the willingness to take risks.
The prescriptive approach sought to prescribe what an
entrepreneur should be, and not the characteristics of an entrepreneur, Jean
Baptize Say (1762 – 1832), for example
prescribed that an entrepreneur must have judgment, perseverance and a
knowledge of the world as well as of business.; and must possess the art of
superintendence and administration. Richard Cantillon suggested that an
entrepreneur needs to have the foresight and willingness to assume risks and
take the necessary action to seize profitable opportunities in the market
place. Moussair (1988) stated in his (unpublished) Ph.D. thesis that an
entrepreneur must have the ability to communicate effectively. Duncan
emphasized the need for an entrepreneur should also have the relevant skills
for identifying a market niche and developing a venture for that niche as a key
ingredient for business success ( Duncan, 1991). Chan and Sobey (1993) stated
that a person must have the ability to perceive and evaluate opportunities in a
global perspective to be effective as an entrepreneur in the 21st Century. The
traits model sought to identify a single personality trait or constellation of
traits capable of successfully predicting entrepreneurial behaviour patterns.
The best known trait is the “ Need Achievement” (nAch) associated with
McClelland (1961). Another single trait approach is one which attempts to
measure ‘locus of control or the extent to which people believe that they
control their own destinies.
Gibb and Ritchie (1981) argued that the traditional view,
that entrepreneurs were born and not made, largely ignored environmental
influences. They proposed a social development model, suggesting that
“entrepreneurship can be fully understood in terms of the types of situation
encountered and the social groups to which individuals relate.” A fourfold
typology (the Improvisers, the Revisionists, the Superceders and the Reverters)
spanning the life cycle and suggesting certain key influences at each stage was
proposed. It has been argued by some psychologists, notably Sheehy (1976), that
there are particular turning points throughout the course of the life cycle,
where individuals work through personal transitions in order to satisfy and
reconcile their own changed goals, needs and ambitions with the opportunities,
circumstances and situations which they currently find themselves in. Despite
some early acceptance, recent criticisms have been cast on the validity of both
approaches. There have been subjectivity and lack of consistency with regard to
measurement of the traits. Training designed to raise levels of nAch has been
said to influence only surface behaviour and usually results in temporary
effects. The social development model has been criticized as being an entirely
situational model, which loses sight of the individual. Further, it dose not
explain more than the “traditional” view that it was critical of and is equally
guilty of not being able to predict who is likely to succeed as an
entrepreneur.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Over the past decades, due to constant internal and external
pressures of low capacity production, massive unemployment and poverty ,
collapsed infrastructural facilities, poor governance structure, massive
corruption, insecurity of life and property, political instability and poor macroeconomic
management. The economy seems to have lost its focus and thus is yearning for
quick intervention. The oil boom has destroyed and distorted our attitude to
work (resource course) and this has affected the psychological quotient of an
average Nigerian who prefers to avoid investments that require special
expertise and innovation. Inaddition, the school curriculum is largely not
geared towards equipping students with skills required for self-employment.
Consequently, thousands of graduates from our tertiary institutions are roaming
the streets in search of jobs that are non -existent. Nigeria is blessed with
abundant human and natural resources which if properly harnessed would have
turned this country into a developed economy. But given the massive corruption,
lack of commitment, the dominant role of the public sector in the economic life
of the nation, the country has lost opportunities for growth and sustainable
development.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. What are the problem facing the devolpment of entrepreneurship
in Nigeria?
2. Does the school have any significant effect on students
participation in the entrepreneurship programme?
3. What are the plans of the entrepreneural intention towards
the Nigerian undergraduates?
4. Does the tertiary institution encourge their students to
become self employed?
5. what is the role of entrepreneurship programme on the
attitudes of Nigerian undergraduates towards becoming self employed?
6. Is there any need for entrepreneurship programme in
Nigeria?
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Ho: there is no significant relationship between attitude and
entrepreneurial intention.
H1: there is a significant relationship between attitude and
entrepreneurial intention.
Ho: there is no significant relationship between tertiary
institution encouragement and
entrepreneurial intention.
H1: there is a significant relationship between tertiary
institution encouragement and
entrepreneurial intention.
Ho: there is no significant relationship between
entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention
H1: there is a significant relationship between
entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention
1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The aims of the research work is to determine:
1. The problem facing the devolpment of entrepreneurship in Nigeria.
2. if the school have any significant effect on students
participation in the entrepreneurship programme.
3. The plans of the entrepreneural intention towards the
Nigerian undergraduates.
4. If the tertiary institution encourge their students to become
self employed.
5. The role of entrepreneurship programme on the attitudes of
Nigerian undergraduates towards becoming self employed.
6. The need for entrepreneurship programme in Nigeria
1.6 SIGINIFICANCE OF STUDY
The research work is an important one as it will discuss the
effect of schools on students participation in the entrepreneurship programme,
the study will aslo reveal the factor affecting entrepreneurship development in
Nigeria. finally the study will discuss the role played by education and
teaching variables in the development of perceptions about the desirability and
feasibility of entrepreneurial behaviour.
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
The research work focus the role of the schools,
entrepreneurship programmes in exploring the determinants of entrepreneurship
spirit among undergraduates inNigeria.
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: The researcher was not with sufficient
funds; which made him or her not to be able to visit most of the schools in
Nigeria and also not to be able to buy all the necessary materials but he or
she was able to get meaningful information concerning the reseach topic.
TIME CONSTRAINTS: The research being a student was left with
limited time beause of his or her involvement in other depoartmental
activities; like presentation of seminars, and other departmental assignment
but the researcher was able to meet up with the time allocated for the
completion of the research work.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
ENTREPRENEUR: an entrepreneur is a person who creates a new
business in the face of risk and uncertainty for the purpose of achieving
profits and growth by identifying opportunities and assembling the necessary
resources to capitalize on them Zimmerer and Scarborough (2002).
ENTREPRENEURSHIP SPIRIT:
is a kind of gift that inspires
and motivate someone without any other external factors others to become the
best they can be. From passion and positivity to leadership and ambition, here
are theentrepreneurs that best define the entrepreneurial spirit.
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