EFFECT OF HUMAN RELATIONS ON ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY [A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN INSTITUTE FOR TRYPANOSOMIASIS RESEARCH (NITR), KADUNA]
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EFFECT OF HUMAN
RELATIONS ON ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY [A CASE STUDY OF
NIGERIAN INSTITUTE FOR TRYPANOSOMIASIS RESEARCH (NITR), KADUNA]
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The practice of Human Resource Management in its quest
towards achieving success through people utilizes array of activities concerned
with all aspects of how people are employed and managed in organizations. This
approach tends to understand how psychological and social processes interacts
with the work situation to influence performance. Human Relations is the first
major approach to emphasis information work relationship and work satisfaction.
Thus, Ezinwa and Agomon (1993) asserted that human relations encompasses the
art and practice of using systematic knowledge of human behaviour to achieve
organization and personal objectives. Organizations are made up of individuals,
the immediate environment and the public that contributes to the success or
failure of the organization.
Onasanya (1990) in similar vain believes that human
relations, being a behavoural science which deals with inter-personal,
inter-work group and management of employees relationship in a social system
seems to be the only tool for organizational productivity and development. The
reason is not far fetched since efforts of Elton Mayo and his research
colleagues in the 1920s on behavioural approach to management succeeded to have
yielded much more factual analysis in terms of the chicken-egg relationship
between human relations and productivity in an organization.
Hicks and Byers (1982) in their contributions defined human
relations as “the integration of people into a work situation in a way that
motivates them to work together, productively and cooperatively with economic,
psychological and social satisfaction”. This further confirms that paying
attention to the human elements enhances greater productivity and performance.
Human relations is a definitive management function which
helps to establish and maintain mutual line of communication, understanding, acceptance
and cooperation between an organization and its human. It involves the
management to keep opinions, defines, and as well emphasizes the responsibility
of management to serve the human interest.
However, human relations has long attained professional
status but it has been discovered that most organizations are not taking full
advantage of its efficient utilization when dealing with their publics due to
ignorance or improper understanding as to the effectiveness of the discipline
to organizational success. Thus effect the need for this study in order to
highlight the effect of human relations practice on organizational
productivity.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
Inspite of the glaring importance of human relations in the
realization of organizational goals, one still hears complaint of poor
performance of both employees and employers in the organization even till this
day. Beside, employees can resign from their appointments as a result of
executive’s harshness and autocracy, employees having their appointment
terminated due to poor performance or failure to perform, the organization may
fold up because of low productivity, poor employees and employers relationship,
inability to meet the organization’s set targets or mismanagement.
It is as a result of these trends that make it necessary for
this study to address the following questions:
How effective is the practice of Human Relations system to
the attainment of organizational goals?
Does Human Relations has any impact on worker’s performance?
Does Human Relations determine employees retention in the
organization?
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study is intended to:
i) Find out
the effects of human relations’ practice towards the achievement of organizational goals.
ii) Examine
whether human relations has an impact on worker’s performance.
iii) Establish
whether human relations is determinant of employees retention in the
organization.
1.1 STATEMENT OF
THE HYPOTHESIS
The following hypothesis are formulated for this study:
H0: Human Relations
does not have effect on workers’ productivity.
H1: Human Relations
have effect on workers’ productivity.
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
In view of the constant struggle by the organizations to
balance both the employee’s needs and the organizational needs for the
effective actualization of set goals, it is expected that the study would be of
good benefits to executives, managers, future business establishment and future
researchers. Similarly, the study will help organizations to improve on
implementing human relations policies so as to enable them control problems
facing them from such angle.
Infact, it will serve as eye-opener to most organizations who
are yet to embrace the system, thereby enlighten workers (industrial and
groups) about the concept of human relations and the effect on productivity. It
is hoped that the study would also help executives to improve on the need for
good human relations with workers and clients to improve the organization’s
performance.
In addition, the adoption of this new approach to firm’s
advancement will improve employees performance, productivity, efficiency as
well as employees attitude to work.
Furthermore, the study will also be of help to those who may
want to research into the area by serving as a reference material for future
investigation.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
This study centres on the effect of Human Relations on
organizational productivity using Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis
Research, Kaduna as a case study. The study covers sizeable staff of the
institute drawn from the various cadre of management (form top management to
subordinates) in order to ensure a more comprehensive and detail examination.
The staff includes both the male and female sex of different ages and level of
service.
1.4 LIMITAITONS
OF THE STUDY
The following problems affect the effective conduct of this
study:
Time: Although the time for the study is quite long, but
academic demand such as preparation for tests, assignments and paper
presentations took a lot of time for one to go out and source for information.
Financial Constraint: This was another limitation which made
it uneasy for the materials to be easily assessed at the appropriate time.
Bureaucratic Bottle-Neck: In addition, stringent rules and
regulations guiding the release of information in the institute (NITR) made it
almost impossible for one to obtained details about the organization.
1.5 HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF THE CASE STUDY
Establishment of Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis
Research (NITR)
Prior to 1945, the trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
situation in West Africa became alarming. In the 1930s, average of 100,000
cases was diagnosed yearly. The British Government then found it necessary to
send a high powered scientific delegation to examine the magnitude of problem
and make recommendations on what actions to take for effective control of the
disease in man and animals (Nagoma). This resulted to the establishment of a
regional research organization. The West African Institute for Trypanosomiasis
Research to serve the needs of four British colonies namely, Nigeria, Gold
Coast (Ghana), Sierra – Leon, and the Gambia. This organization had the
responsibility to research on all aspects of trypanosomiasis (human and
animals) and entomology.
The British Government bore two-thirds of the cost of running
this regional research scheme while the colonies contributed one third. A
Director was appointed to assume duty in 1947 in Nigeria because it was the
largest of the four colonies and it provided a much wider variety of conditions
connected with tsetsefly and trypanosomiasis. Vom (Plateau State) and Kaduna
State were selected for locations of laboratories, with Kaduna as the
Headquarters. The decision was influenced by climatic, case of communication
and disease conditions in both areas.
The West African Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research
(WAITR) was officially commissioned in 1951 in Kaduna. By the time it was
realized that trypanosomiasis not only caused a high mortality in humans but
also of great economic implication in terms of large annual losses among
domestic animals. Vast areas of West Africa could not be used to rear cattle
because of the presence of tse-tse flies which caused the disease in human and
animals. Consequently the farmer was denied the use of animals for work and
transport, and deprived of manure for his field, while the diet of the
population, both urban and rural remained deficient in protein and milk.
However, with the attainment of independence, the
inter-territorial research organization (WAITR) crumbled under political
pressure. The other countries later withdrew and the then Federal Government of
Nigeria had to assume the full responsibility of the institute. The name was
therefore changed to the Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR)
in 1964. In 1975, research into all aspects of Onchocerciasis (river-blindness)
was added into the mandate of NITR. Thus, the Nigerian Institute for
Trypanosomiasis Research (NITS) has the responsibility to research into all
aspects of human and animal trypanomiasis and human Onchocerciasis
(river-blindness) in all the thirty states of the federation including Federal Capital
Territory of Nigeria.
The headquarters is still located in Kaduna with Vom (Plateau
State) as a major branch. From these locations, work is extended to all states
in the federation.
MANDATE OF THE INSTITUTE
The specific mandate given to the institute is to conduct
research into:
i) The
Pathology, immunology and methods of treatment of the two diseases
(trypanomiasis and onchocerciasis).
ii) The
ecology and life cycle of the vectors and the mode of transmission of the
diseases.
iii) The
socio-economic effects of the diseases on the rural population and;
iv) Any other
matter related to the diseases.
RESEARCH FOCUS OF (NITR) INSTITUTE
NITR undertakes research on all aspects of human and animal
trypanosomiasis as well as onchocerciasis. A three-prone control strategy is
adopted by Nigeria. Vector, trypanocidal/filaricidal and integrated control
measures. Research goals are consequently formulated against the background of
these methods. The institutes current focus includes:
i)
Developing low cost techniques for vector control that can be sustained
by the local people with a minimum of inputs of materials and expertise.
ii) Breeding
tsetseflies and blackflies on a large scale in the laboratory for research
work.
iii) Developing
and in some cases adopting simple, sensitive and accurate methods of detecting
trypanosomes in infected tsetsefly and mammal including man.
iv)
Ascertaining risk level of the disease in the different ecological
zones. Sampling programmes are organized to evaluate the level or risks of the
diseases of domestic livestock and human being.
v)
Distinguishing parasite species and determining anti-genetically
distinct populations.
vi)
Cryopreservation ad cloning of tryposomes
vii) Improving
methods of surveillance. Surveys are carried out to obtain current information
on the distribution of trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis. These, combined with
their vector surveys, enable control operation to be planned.
viii) Assessing the
mechanism of the pathological and biological damages in various organs of the
mammalian body and their mechanism.
ix) Involving
rural communities in tsetsefly control strategies
x) Assessing
the cost-benefit of the various control strategies applicable in a given area.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE IN TRYPANOSOMIASIS
Eleven types of tse-tse flies occupies approximately 80% (737,
338 sqkm) of Nigeria’s land area have been identified by NITR and a
distribution map prepared. The knowledge of tsetse fly distribution in any
particular part of the country.
A. Spot
surveys and Tsetse Fly Sampling: Several surveys on human and animal
trypanosomiasis have been undertaken in Gongola, Plateau, Bauchi, Benue, Benin,
Anambra, Oyo, Kaduna, Niger, Ondo, Cross-River, Katsina, Kwara and Federal
Capital Territory, Abuja. Tse tse fly sampling has provided considerable data
on:
1) The ecology, behaviour, population, structure
and dynamics of the flies.
2) The nature
and rates of trypanosome infections
B. Trapping
Technology: NITR has developed an effective technology called NITSC trap which
can be used in village communities and farms against tsetse fly challenge.
C.
Attractant: A pheromone which
induces sex response from the male tsetse-flies was isolated from the cuticles
of the female tsetse-flies by NITR. This may be of immense practical value in
the trial control strategy.
D. Integrated
Control: In an effort to develop a comprehensive integrated control management
programme against tsetseflies natural pathogens causing death of the vectors
have been identified. Some of these pathogens include syntomosphyrum species,
Bacillus thriigrensis and microsphoridians living in simillum larva.
E. Infertility
and Abortion: It has been shown in NITR laboratories that trypanosomiasis
causes infertility and abortions in man and animals.
F. Use of Insecticides: Fourteen compounds and
formulations were tested for their potentials in tsetsefly control. Pyrethroid
insecticides (dettamethrin and permenthrin) were found to be very toxic to
tsetseflies while increased tolerance to chlorinated hydrocarbons and
organophosphoras insecticides was observed.
G. Drug Trials
for Treatment: Studies showed that combination of ethidium and tuberculin has a
good potential for the treatment of T. gambiense in mice. Also a combination of
treatment of T Simias infections in pigs.
It was observed that prophylactic treatment with
insometamidium chloride eliminated T. Vivax from the feeding of tsetsefly
irrespective of whether the infection was the mature or developing.
It was observed that administration of diamidines and
pohennanthridines increased parasite concentration in ‘T’. Congolense infected
animals, due to vaso-construction of the capillary endothelium. Flushing the
tryposomes from the micro circulation would indicate that the
amidines/phenanthridines have high potential in the chemotherapy of
trypanosomiasis due to ‘T’. Congolense.
H.
Onchocherciasis: Surveys undertaken by NITR have shown that black-flies,
the vector of this disease are widely distributed and occur in every state in
Nigeria. Surveys by NITR have further shown that forest and Savannah cyto
species of these flies are now known to occur in Nigeria.
RELEVANCE OF THE INSTITUTE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Because trypanosomiasis affects both man and animals, and
especially between the ages of 15-50, it is of great economic implication to
Nigeria; it depicts the nation’s agricultural manpower and constitutes one of
the main causes of rural-urban drift.
Yearly losses in domestic animal production, (cattle, sheep,
goats, pigs, horses and camel) due to trypanosomiasis are estimated at about
N10m in 2004.
This disease occur mainly among rural dwellers on whom the
nation solely depends on, for food and animal are often abandoned in search of
relief elsewhere. This disrupts the socio-economic life of our rural
populations. By the extent of distribution of the tsetseflies, it would seem
that almost all persons and domestic animals especially in the rural areas of
every state and vegetation zones in Nigeria are exposed to possible tsetsefly
challenge.
ONCHOCERCIASIS
This disease, commonly known as river-blindness affects
between ages 20-40 in society (in Nigeria an estimated 8.6 – in case of
blindness is reported and Onchocerciasis is a major contributing factor. The
diseases is therefore capable of halting the economic life of the communities
it affects. Fear of the disease has forced people to abandon fertile
agricultural land near rivers as observed in recent times, for example, in
Saminaka Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Organization: The interaction of two or more people within
some mutually recognized power relationship for some common purpose, be it
formal or informal.
Productivity: A measure of how efficiently resources are used
as input to bring output in goods and services with minimum time cost.
Employee: A person engaged in an employment under appointment
and receives a reward in return for services rendered.
Group: A collection of individuals who share a sense of
common identity contributing towards the achievement of a common goal.
Human Relations: A behavioural management approach that
attempt to understand and explain how psychological and social process interacts
with formal aspect of the work situation to influence performance.
Consultation: A planned effort of effective enquiry which
seeks to establish improved understanding between both management and
employees.
Conflict: A state of disagreement between individuals or
group against another person or organization which resulted from a clash of
interest.
Values: These are believes in what is best or good for the
organization and what should or ought to happen.
Grapevine: Unofficial means of leaking confidential information
to achieve favour from people in organization.
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