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EFFECT OF AUTOMOBILE TECHNOLOGY ON ENTREPRENURSHIP
FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS STATE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of
the study
1.2 Statement of
the problem
1.3 Purpose of the
study
1.4 Significance of
the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Significance of
the study
1.7 Scope of the study
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
to Entrepreneurship
2.2
Entrepreneurship and economic Development
2.3
Entrepreneurship Education and Sustainable Development in Nigeria
2.3.1 Strategies for
Effective Entrepreneurship Education
2.3.2 Objectives of
Entrepreneurship Education
2.4
Competence-based view of entrepreneurship
2.5 Developing
entrepreneurial competencies as a student business
2.6
Entrepreneurship Education and Technological Patterns
2.7 Related
Empirical Studies
2.8 Summary of
review of related literature
CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
3. 0 Introduction
3.1 Design of
the study
3.2 Sample size
3.3 Population
of the study
3.4 Instrument for
data collection
3.5 Validation
of instrument
3.6 Reliability
of instrument
3.7 Method of
data collection
3.8 Method of
statistical analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
4.1 Research
Question 1
4.2 Research Question 2
4.3 Research
Question 3
4.4 Research
Question 4
4.5 Preliminary
Findings
4.6
Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF THE STUDY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND
SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDY
5.1 Re-statement
of the Problem.
5.2 Summary of
Procedure Used
5.3 Principal
Findings
5.4 Summary of
the Study
5.5.1 Discussion
Of Findings
5.6 Conclusion
5.7
Recommendations
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the study
Over the years there have been many definitions of entrepreneurship and they have all been
acceptable definitions but i define it as the capacity and willingness to
develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of its risks in
order to make a profit. The most obvious example of entrepreneurship is the
starting of new businesses.
In economics, entrepreneurship combined with land, labor,
natural resources and capital can produce profit. Entrepreneurial spirit is
characterized by innovation and risk-taking, and is an essential part of a
nation's ability to succeed in an ever changing and increasingly competitive
global marketplace.
One can simply say that entrepreneurship as the pursuit of a
self-owned business or company. Entrepreneurs are people who are willing to
take risks to make a profit, whether by inventing a new product or opening
their own company, it is also the behavior of starting business or taking on
financial risk with the hope of making a profit. Entrepreneurship is almost a
way of life. If you have it in you, then it permeates everything that you do.
Entrepreneurship is the act of starting a company, arranging
business deals and taking risks in order to make a profit through the skills
acquired (Omolayo 2006). Entrepreneurship education can also be described as
the term given to who has innovative ideas and also posses the ability to
transforms it to profitable activities. Entrepreneurship in other words is the
process of bringing together creative, innovative ideas and coupling these with
management and organizational skills in order to combine people, money and
resources to meet an identified need and create wealth. In the same vein,
Nwangwu (2007) opined that entrepreneurship is a process of bringing together
the factors of production, which include land, labour and capital so as to
provide a product or service for public consumption. However, the operational
definition of entrepreneurship is the willingness and ability of a person or
persons to acquire educational skills to explore and exploit investment
opportunities, establish and manage a successful business enterprise.
Entrepreneur can be defined as an innovating individual who
has developed an ongoing business activity where none existed before. Meredith
(1983) defined an entrepreneur as a person or persons who possesses the ability
to recognize and evaluate business opportunities, assemble the necessary
resources to take advantage of them and take appropriate action to ensure
success. Entrepreneurs are people who constantly discover new markets and try
to figure out how to supply those markets efficiently and make a profit.
An Entrepreneur is a personthat searches for change, responds
to change, and exploits change by converting change into business opportunity.
Political instability and inconsistencies in the
social-economic policies of successive government led to the emergence of high
level unemployment in Nigeria. In the mid 80s, the Nigeria economic collapsed
while youth and graduate unemployment hit the roof. There was large-scale
layoff of workers and early retirements as a result of structural adjustment
policies and bad economic trends in the country. In the face of this situation
entrepreneurship, which would have salvaged the situation, was not encouraged.
It has been observed that tertiary education has not been properly included
with philosophy of self-reliance such as creating a new cultural and productive
environment, that will promote pride in self-discipline, encouraging people to
take part actively and freely in discussions and decisions affecting their
general welfare, promoting new sets of attitudes and culture for the attainment
of future challenges.
According to Nwangwu (2007), the failure of tertiary
education to inculcate the above philosophy in students has led to wastages in
terms of both human and natural resources. This is because the youth and
graduate from tertiary institutions are not equipped with the skills with which
to exploit the natural resources that abound in Nigeria. All these factors have
rendered the pursuit of self-reliance among our graduates difficult to retain.
Whether technology alone will be sufficient to achieve an entrepreneurship
sustainable future is unclear. This will depend on public and private support
for entrepreneurship beneficial technologies and the extent to which further
growth in world population and economic output will compromise per capita
emissions reductions and a more efficient use of natural resources.
Sustainable development is a pattern of economic growth in
which resource use aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so
that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations
to come (Paul, 2005). Sustainable development ties together concern for the
carrying capacity of natural systems with the social challenges faced by
humanity. Sustainable development requires balancing environmental, societal
and economic considerations in the pursuit of development and an improved
quality of life. Sustainability includes intergenerational equity, gender
equity, just and peaceful societies, social tolerance, environmental
preservation and restoration, poverty alleviation and natural resource
conservation (Paul, 2005). The major essential tool for achieving sustainable
development includes the following:
· Improve the
quality of basic education;
· Reorient
existing education programmed to address sustainable development;
· Develop
public awareness and understanding; and
· Provide
training for all sectors of private and civil society.
Education for Sustainable Development is the focus or
projection of education that seeks to equip people towards creating a
sustainable future. Stakeholders such as government, businesses, educational
institutions, media, and organizations play important roles in achieving
sustainable development. Each of these sectors has a different vision of
sustainable development. Some are interested in environmental preservation and
protection; some have economic development interests while other may be more
interested in social development. According to UNESCO (2003) the way each
nation, cultural group and individual views sustainable development will depend
on its own values.
In many European nations, Universities and technical colleges
trained students of science, economics and business management in skills that
helps to build more sustainable societies. Programs such as Peace Education,
Human Right Education, Environmental Education and Youth Entrepreneur schemes
are carried out in many schools (UNESCO, (2003). Hence, such initiatives help
students and teachers to gain an understanding of the inter-linkages needed for
sustainable development (Paul, 2005). The emphasis has been on education that
will provide life and occupational skills that will enhance the potentials of
individual, reinforcing self-sufficiency and improving quality of life.
Entrepreneurial competency is defined as the capability of
entrepreneurs to face effectively a critical situation by making sense of
environmental constraints and by activating relational and internal specific
resources’ (Iandoli, (2007). Entrepreneurial competencies are defined as
individual’s traits, such as specific knowledge, motives, features, self
images, social roles and abilities which result in venture’s success. Some
entrepreneurial competencies can be learned through formal education, other
competencies are tacit and depend on individual’s characteristics and are built
during the person’s life, experience, and career (Brownell, (2006).
Entrepreneurial competencies associated with the firm’s
performance and competitiveness business growth and success (Mitchelmore and
Rowley, (2010). Acquiring entrepreneurial competencies is of key importance for
entrepreneurs willing to achievement oriented entrepreneurs. Issues relating to
the competencies development process relating to entrepreneurs have generally
been neglected. Competencies play an important role in successful
entrepreneurship. Surprisingly, the research on the entrepreneurial
competencies is rather limited (Mitchelmore and Rowley, (2010).
This study examines the effect of automobile technology
students’ competency on entrepreneurship for sustainable development in Lagos
State. Also, change in basic technologies of production, transport and
consumption rather than modifications of existing products and processes or the
adoption of end-of-pipe technologies are also considered.
However, such changes alone will be largely insufficient for
achieving the ultimate goal of sustainable development. To achieve that, more
fundamental changes in technology are needed.
1.2
Statement of the problem
There are basically two ways a graduate can end up , either
into the soft skill level which is gaining employment in a corporate
world(white-collar job) or entrepreneurial skills(business owner) to start
one’s own business. In Nigeria’s economic environment which has unemployment as
one of its major problems, it is of benefit that when a student acquires proper
knowledge in entrepreneurship skills such student would be able to discover
what they can lay their hands on if corporate employment does not come. The
importance of entrepreneurship to any economy is like that of entrepreneurship
in any community. Entrepreneurial activity and the resultant financial gain are
always of benefit to a country. If a student has entrepreneurship skills then
they will recognize a genuine opportunity when you come across one and that
makes unemployment reduction possible.
The present education system encourages cramming and memory
and not on creativity and practical application of knowledge and this is
unhealthy and unstable for a virile technological advancement and entrepreneurship development .Also fear of
failure by the people to take risk on entrepreneurial activities, while an
unstable and conducive political environment drives away people that are
planning to embark on entrepreneurial activities hence it does not make
knowledge delivery on entrepreneurial skills available to students.
In addition, government programs are not designed to promote
technological and entrepreneurship sustainability in Nigeria, the level of
infrastructural development provided by the government is still very low and
this has been affecting to a very high extent the level of productivity and
entrepreneurial activities in the country.Judging by the figures that are
coming out of the Education Ministry in Nigeria, In the last few years, at
least 60% of graduates are not able to get employment immediately. Because of
that, they go into one entrepreneurial venture or another, but unfortunately
they have not been adequately prepared to face the challenges of venturing.
Introduction of entrepreneurship skills in our curriculum and
making it compulsory in education system in order to prepare students for
proper skills needed in venturing into any business they can after graduating
as this will help reduce unemployment. However, the education institution need
to encourage entrepreneurship skills right from the curriculum itself and
government should also take initiative in encouraging the students by providing
conducive climate for the same.
Teachers and faculties should motivate students in being
interested in this aspect of the curriculum and it should be emphasized as a
very important knowledge that may be useful after completion of studies.
More so, Entrepreneurial development through education will
advance the economy of the nation hence much credence should be given to it and
ingrained with focus on profitable personal development. Infrastructure
provision and non-profitable organization invitation into sponsoring various
entrepreneurial programs and funding in institutions is a very important aspect
in the growth and development of entrepreneurship development and employment
level of a nation.
1.3
Purpose of the study
The purpose of the study will be to:
1.
Examine automobile technology student competency on entrepreneurship.
2.
Find out the effect of entrepreneurship on sustainable development in
Lagos state.
3.
Explores some of the policy issues in achieving a shift towards a more
sustainable development in Lagos State.
1.4
Significance of the Study
The result of this studies will be useful to the youth both
graduates and undergraduates. This is because it will help them to be aware,
prepare and improve on personal development of their entrepreneurial skills
hence gives chance to those who are not lucky or do not become gainfully
employed in the so called ‘White-Collar’ jobs to start their own business with
the little possible finance they lay their hands on.
Secondly, The result of the study will be useful to the
government as it will lay emphasis on the various ways in which
entrepreneurship skill development in students can reduce unemployment and also
point out the various ways this can be done and policies that will be put in
place to make sure that entrepreneurial activities can be directed toward
productive ends conducive to economic progress.
Thirdly, the society is a large faction to gain from this
study by making known the importance of delivering the knowledge of
entrepreneurship skills can go a long way to meet local needs from hairdresser,
financial consultant, emergency plumber and other local but important business
owners. This study also talks about the fear people have in risk of starting a
business and how that can be overcome and how the society is a large factor in
the fear that is created in the mind of someone that wants to start a business.
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