IMPACT OF INTERNAL CONTROL MECHANISM FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN AN ORGANIZATION PARTICULARLY FIRST BANK OF NIGERIA, KADUNA SOUTH BRANCH.
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IMPACT OF INTERNAL CONTROL
MECHANISM FOR SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN AN ORGANIZATION PARTICULARLY FIRST BANK
OF NIGERIA, KADUNA SOUTH BRANCH.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
In
this chapter, the researcher intends to look and conduct research on the Impact
of Internal Control Mechanism for successful operation in an organization
particularly First Bank of Nigeria, Kaduna South Branch.
According
to Weber (2010), define impact “as a powerful effort that management has in
order to perform their function effectively and to achieved their goals or
objective.
According
to Benarivo De Guisppee (Augustan Gill, 1943), he said that internal control is
a plan of organization and all of the coordinate methods and measures adopted
within a business to safeguard its environment, check it is effective and
efficient and encourage adherence to prescribed managerial policies.
Louis
Fisher (2004) said that Operation is an organized activity in an organization
that involves several people performing different task in order to meet
organizational goals.
Some
of the interesting areas about the topic is as follows:
1.
Fraud and Error Prevention: According
to Adebayo Adedeji (1979), the responsibility for the prevention of frauds and
errors in organization is the responsibility of management, which is usually
achieved through the implementation and continuing operation of adequate
systems of internal control.
2.
Discover Good Internal Control
System: Rober H. Haverman (2004) said that a
good internal control system should have a proper coordination and
communication network for decisions and policies of management to be
effectively communicated throughout the organization and the result thereby
reported back efficiently.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
The
most serious problem hampering the smooth operation in public and private
sectors at all the levels has been fraud, errors, defalcations, mismanagement
and abuse of office.
Applicants
are complaining bitterly that First Bank of Nigeria, Kaduna South branch do not
allow staff to go on training and development having worked for specific period
of time with the bank.
Another
paramount problem facing the organization as regard to the recruitment,
selection, training and development of applicants or candidates during and
after an interview because of the pressure by the top official to select their
candidate of the applicants regardless of their betterment.
No
fair play for promotion and training in the organization
The
condition of work is not adequate and the problems of motivation and grievances
settlements procedures are not adequate as well.
Over
the years, various management has been trying to institute a corrective measure.
In spite of all these, a lasting solution is still far reached. At times, one
tends to wonder if at all the numerous internal control measures instituted in
public and private organizations do function, and if they do, to what extent
can one conveniently at attest to the fact that internal controls and measures
have contributing towards solving the inherent problems that exist in the
organization concerned.
The
research examines the internal control mechanism of First Bank of Nigeria Plc.
With a view to identifying to what extent the controls instituted were able to
achieve the goal which they were meant to.
It
is note worthy that what matters most is not only instituting internal control
mechanism in an organization but the system should be subjected to a process of
continuous review and appraisal if it is to function properly and achieve the
purpose for its installation.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The
aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of internal control mechanism
on the performance of workers in organization particularly First Bank Kaduna
South Branch.
The
research is an effort to determine the prospects and problems of internal
control mechanism on the performance of workers in an organization particularly
First Bank of Nigeria, Kaduna South Branch are as follows:
i)
To examine the impact of internal
control mechanism in First Bank of Nigeria Plc.
ii)
To find out the problems of internal
control mechanism face in implementing on the performance of personnel working
in First Bank of Nigeria Plc.
iii)
To determine the problems and
prospect of internal control mechanism on the performance of workers in First
Bank of Nigeria Plc.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
i)
What are the impact of internal
control mechanism in First Bank of Nigeria Plc?
ii)
What are the problems of Internal
Control Mechanism faced in implementing on the performance of personnel?
iii)
What are the problems and prospect of
internal control mechanism on the performance of workers in First Bank of
Nigeria Plc?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
This
project is very relevant and important to the following categories of people:
i)
Society and the Public: Shareholders,
customers and the public at large will benefit from this project because it
gives them insight to what internal control is all about, its importance to the
private sector and particularly First Bank of Nigeria Plc.
ii)
Tax Authority:
They will be interested in knowing how managements runs the company
particularly the company looses or gains profit.
iii)
Academic Community:
The researcher will add to directly available knowledge in academic world on
internal control mechanism. Student, lecturers and other scholars will find it
very useful and make reference to it.
iv)
Management:
The study will also provide management with suggestions and recommendations on
how best to improve the performance of the internal control mechanism. It is
only meant as a study, it can go a long way in alleviating similar problems for
some organization in the banking industry.
v)
To the Researcher: This
is part of organized work for awarding HND in Human Resources Management.
1.6 SCOPE
OF THE STUDY
This
study is intended to cover internal control mechanism in the Nigerian banking
industry with particular reference study. The First Bank of Nigeria Plc has
various branches in the state of the country with the headquarters in Lagos.
This study will be restricted to the Kaduna branch.
The
First Bank Plc has many branches in Kaduna and other major towns of the state
like Zaria, Zonkwa and Kafanchan. The study will focus on the branch along
Kakuri Kaduna South from the period of six years, that is from 2006 to 2012.
1.7 LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
The
general reluctance of banks, as exhibited by First Bank Plc, to let out
information about their activities for external analysis has impaired this
research work. The research analysis would have been relatively in-depth if all
the desired information were made available. Also, the availability of a
plethora of information on the subject matter constituted a source of worry at
some point to the researcher.
Finally
and obviously, the cost of conducting researches is quite enormous, which posed
a great limitation to the work.
1.8 HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF THE CASE STUDY
First
Bank of Nigeria Plc for over a century, has distinguished itself as a leading
banking institution and a major contributor to the economic advancement and
development of Nigeria.
First
Bank was founded in 1894 by Sir Alfred Jones, a shipping magnate from
Liverpool, the bank commenced business in the office of Elder Dempster and
Company in Lagos.
It
was incorporated as a limited liability company in London on March 31, 1894
with head office in Liverpool and started business under the corporate name of
the Bank of British West Africa (BBWA) with a paid up capital of 12,000 pounds
sterling. It commenced business upon absorbing its predecessor the African
Banking Corporation which had been established earlier in 1892. This signaled
the origin of the preeminent position which the bank was to attain in the
banking industry in West Africa. In the early years of operation, the bank
recorded an impressive growth and worked closely with the colonial government
in performing the traditional function of a central bank such as issues of
specifies in the West African sub region.
To
justify its West African coverage, a branch was opened in Accra, Gold Coast
(now Ghana) in 1896 and another in Freetown, Sierra Leone in 1898 which
marketed the genesis of banks international operations. The second branch of
the Bank in Nigeria was opened in the old Calabar in 1900 and two years later
the services of the bank were extended to Northern Nigeria. With a network of 411
branches (as at May, 2012) spread throughout the federation, the bank maintains
banking industry. The bank also has a branch in London and had diversified into
a whole range of banking activities and services including commercial merchant
and international banking.
The
bank has continued to remain the leader in the financing of long-term development
project in the economy. The genesis of this was in 1947 when a long-term loan
was advanced to the colonial government, to demonstrate its commitment to its
customers and the development of the Nigeria economy, the bank has since
diversified its loan and credit facilities to various sectors of the economy.
At
the inception of the bank’s operation in 1894 it has staff strength of six,
comprising three Europeans and three Africans. Today, the bank is fully
Nigerianized and in response to the aspirations and yearning of the Nigerian
people and government, as well as the bank’s determination to support the
country economy.
To
be well positioned for opportunities in the changing market environment, the
bank undertook and several restructuring exercises. First it changed its name
from the Bank of British West Africa to Bank of West Africa in 1957 and
Standard Bank of British West Africa Limited in 1966. Then, the bank was
incorporated locally in 1969 as the Standard Bank of Nigeria limited in line
with companies decree of 1968. Thereafter, active participation of Nigerians in
the management of the bank became a matter of corporate policy. The bank got
listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) in March 1971 and has won the NES
President’s Merit Award eight times as the bank with the best financial report.
Changes
in the name of the bank also occurred in 1979 and 1991 to First Bank of Nigeria
Limited and First Bank of Nigeria Plc respectively. In 1985, the bank
introduced a decentralized structure with five regional administrations. This
was fine-tuned in 1992 to enhance the bank’s operational efficiency. In 1996,
it introduced the FBN Century II Project to resolution its operation in line
with the dynamics of the market.
In
readiness for the keen competition occasioned by government’s decision to
liberalize the country’s financial sector. Also the bank in a consordian with
other banks in promoting a smartcard project aimed at eliminating the risk
associated with carrying huge cash for transactional purposes. The bank’s brand
is called First Bank Value Card.
Over
the years, the bank has experienced phenomenal growth, from N107.599 million in
1993, the banks share capital had grown to N530.309 million by March 1999. The
groups total asset base was N139.785 billion while its deposit base stood at
N89.868 billion as at March, 1999. As a further demonstration of First Bank’s
indisputable profitability and leadership in the Nigerian financial industry.
The bank declared a profit after tax of N12.4 billion for the year ended March
31, 2008.
Demonstrating
the confidence the public has in First Bank, the bank offer for sale of over 2
billion shares in 2009 was fully subscribed and that 2.5 billion in 2010 was
over subscribed by 18.79%. The bank has over 300,000 individual and
institutional shareholders in all part of the country. Its leading position in
the private sector drives from its consistent recorded as a successful
financial institution.
Below
is the organizational chart of First Bank Plc:
1.9 DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Some
of the technical terms used in writing the project are defined for simplicity.
i)
Human Resources: The
administration and policy makers of a business or organization.
ii)
Impact:
Is a powerful effort that management has in order to perform their function
effectively and efficiently to achieve their goals and objectives.
iii)
Control:
Is a plan of organization all of the coordinate methods and measures adopted
within organization to safeguard its environment and check it is effective and
encourage adherence to prescribed managerial policies.
iv)
Operation:
Is an organized activity in an organization that involves several people
performing different task in order to meet organizational goals.
v)
Internal:
Is an activity put in place within the organization by management in order to
meet their goals.
vi)
Objective:
Specific goals to be attained should be measurable in terms of growth, quality
and time.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In
this chapter, the researcher attempts to bring into light the writing of
different scholars and academicians in form of books, magazines, journals and
paper presented, which have been written on the subject matter of this project.
The subject matter being analysis of the evaluation of internal control
mechanism in financial institution is the purpose of the research work.
It
is on the acknowledgement of this fact and for better understanding of basic
phenomenon of internal control mechanism (especially in financial institutions)
that set out to sieve such relevant views from the numerous sources, so as to
give more insight into the topic at hand.
2.2 INTERNAL
CONTROL MECHANISM
Auditing
(2004) defines an internal control mechanism as the whole mechanism of
controls, financial and otherwise, established by the management in order to
carry on the business of the enterprises in an orderly and efficient manner,
safeguard its assets and secure as far as possible the completeness and
accuracy of the records.
2.2.1 OBJECTIVE
OF INTERNAL CONTROL MECHANISM
According
to Koleade (2009) viewed that: Internal control does not make fraud impossible
by any means, but they make it more difficult and the chance of detection much
greater. According to Becky (2005) in his view stated that: An entity’s
internal control mechanism can be through of as the nerve centre of internal
control mechanism are to safeguard assets, check accuracy and reliability of
accounting data, promote operational efficiency and encourage adherence to
prescribed managerial policies. A more specific and operational list of
objectives include a mechanism designed to ensure:
(a)
Authorization
Guley,
(2003) in his view stated that starting point for establishing accounting
control of transaction is appropriate authorization, obtainable reasonable
assurance of appropriate general or specific authorization requires independent
evidence that authorization is issued by persons accounting within the scope of
their authority and that transaction confirms with the terms of the
authorization.
(b)
Validity
Controls
provide reasonable assurance relative to the validity or existence of assets
and liabilities at a given date and whether recorded transactions have occurred
during a given period.
(c)
Proper Recording
The
objective of internal accounting control with respect to the proper recording
of transaction encompasses several sub-objectives, these includes:
i)
Completeness:
That
transaction are not omitted from the accounting records.
ii)
Valuations:
Transactions are to be recorded at the actual amount that they transpired.
iii)
Classification:
Transaction are to be classified in the appropriate record.
iv)
Timing:
Transactions are to be recorded in the accounting period in which the accounted
additionally they are to be recorded so promptly as practicable when recording
is necessary to maintain accountability.
(d)
Accountability and Comparism
This
accounting objective or internal control mechanism is for assets from the time
of their acquisition until their disposition. This requires maintaining records
for accountability with assets to determine whether the actual assets agree
with the recorded accountability.
(e)
Protection and Limited Access
Anita
(2010) view that control should provide adequate protection for assets such
protection is facilitated through segregation of incompatible assets and
requires that access to assets should be limited to authorized personnel.
2.3 TYPES
OF INTERNAL CONTROL MECHANISM
Fry
(2004) categorized internal control mechanism into two types:
a.
Administrative Control Mechanism
b.
Accounting Control Mechanism
a)
Administrative
Control Mechanism
This
is also defined in SAS number one, section 320 to include the plan and
procedures and records that are concerned with the procedure and rewards i.e.
management authorization of transaction. Such authorization is a management
function directly associated with the responsibility for achieving the
objective of the organization and it is the starting point for establishing
accounting control of transaction. The definition focuses on organization
structures as a control as well as other controls which an organization have
such as:
i)
A planned organization
ii)
Identification of authority and
responsibility and their delegation should be clearly specified.
b)
Accounting
Control Mechanism
This
comprises the plan of organization and the procedures concerned with the sage
guarding of assets and the reliability of financial records and consequently
are design to provide reasonable assurance that:
i)
Transaction are recorded to permit
preparation of financial statement in conformity with general accepted
accounting principle (GAAP) or any other criteria applicable to the statement
and to maintain accountability for assets.
ii)
Transactions are executed in
accordance with management general or specific authorization.
iii)
Access to assets is permitted only in
accordance with management authorization.
iv)
The recorded accountability for
assets is compared with existing assets at reasonable interval and appropriate
action is then taken with respect to any difference.
2.4 QUALITIES
OF INTERNAL CONTROL MECHANISM
The
degree of excellence by which the internal control mechanism can be adjusted
absolutely reliable is determined by its qualitativeness.
According
to Okogun (2009), good internal control mechanism should have a well established
organizational plan, defining and rotating responsibilities among staff and
every transaction should be approved, executed and recorded accurately. Factors
that determine, the quality of an internal control mechanism in any
organization according to Maxwell (2009) include:
a)
Division of Duty: This
is the process whereby organizational function are aggregated and classified
into units, such that each unit is taken care of by suitable and qualified
personnel. This factor is basically the foundation from which every internal
control mechanism should start.
b)
Coordination:
A good internal control mechanism should have a proper coordination and
communication network for decision and policies of management to be effectively
communicated throughout the company and result thereby reported back
efficiently. This allows for the evaluation of its efficiency and continuous
updating process.
c)
Internal Check:
A good internal control mechanism should have an in-built mechanism in which
the job of the staff could be over seen by another to prevent fraudulent
attempts and omission.
d)
Rotation of Employees:
This is the process whereby an employees duty consistently changed and another
replacing him. This process greatly prevents mischievous acts by the previous
holder of the office as he knows he might be replaced soon and the person
replacing him could detect it and his being exposed could jeopardize his image
and integrity.
e)
Competency of Personnel:
This is infact, one of the most important aspects of a sound internal control
mechanism. Clearly define and segregated duties have to manned by competent and
qualities personnel.
Alawode
(2007) believed that efficient and effective monitoring of duty of an office by
another officer largely depends on the latter’s competence. Here it becomes
independence in the institution of good internal control mechanism.
Comprehensively,
the above listed points are the essential qualities of internal control
mechanism without which it would amount to effort wastage instituting internal
control mechanism.
2.5 BASIC
TOOLS OF INTERNAL CONTROL MECHANISM
Agung
(2008) in his belief stated that there are unique tasks to ensure accuracy and
completeness in recording transaction effectively and efficiently in an
organization. These basic control tasks help in early detection of both honest
and dishonest errors. The basic control mechanism tasks instituted by majority
of organizations are as follows:
a)
Authorization of Transaction: This
measure is taken to ensure that only valid orders (invalid ones prevented) are
recorded. Authorization could be specific or general, it is specific where an
authority to undertake a transaction is made to a person for a specific
transaction and general when made to department section etc.
b)
Validity of Transaction:
This involves the examination of document in relation to any item of
transaction by assigned persons for the evidence that such recorded transaction
actually took and in accordance with prescribed instructions. By this way,
processing of invalid, fictitious and non-existence transactions are prevented.
c)
Checking for Completeness: Checking
for completeness involves the process of ensuring proper summarization of
generated information for proper preparation of financial statement and related
report. Maintenance of subsidiary records control account and other recorded
transactions is very much necessary for purpose of serving as check against
balance in the financial statements and other reports as they remain in their
source.
d)
Checking for Accuracy:
This is one of the most important party basic control tasks instituted by any
organization. It involves the process of ensuring the correct values are recorded
for each transaction in proper book of account and on regular basis.
Achievement of the above control largely depends on some key factors which are:
i)
Proper
Segregation of Duties: Ensuring that more than a person
is in charge of transaction so that these could sever as an independent check
to another.
ii)
Good
Custodianship Arrange must be made: Some elements of
restriction of access to transaction must be established. Access to items like
negotiable assets e.g. inventory and other easily convertible assets should be
properly restricted to authorized personnel only.
Finally,
adequate supervision must be carried out. This would provide means for
detecting and correcting conspicuous weakness, omitting of reconciliation, non-attendance
to errors and exemptions, loss of posting of transactions to ledger, are some
of the danger that may arise.
In
situation of inadequate supervision in all; for effective and efficient control
measures the important of effective and efficient supervision cannot be
overlooked.
2.6 MANAGEMENT
RESPONSIBILITY OF INTERNAL CONTROL MECHANISM
Decisions
as regards the extent of internal control mechanism that is appropriate to the
organization is the fully responsibility of management and not of an
independent auditor or any other personnel. There is variability in the nature
and extent of such controls between the organization and also from one unit of
the organization to another. The controls used will largely depend on the
nature and volume of the transactions and the degree of control. Members of the
management should therefore evaluate the particular circumstances and institute
all necessary control measures for all activities. In appraising the advantage
of various internal control procedures, the question of their cost control
cannot be over emphasized.
Extensive
and too elaborate mechanism may entail excess operating cost than are justified
by the protection gained (but in some instances, such excess are in the long
run set off by such protection gained. It is therefore, apparently reasonable
for internal mechanism to be designed to meet the requirements of individuals
organizations.
Since
business policies and operation method are volatiles, it calls for continual,
reviewing and updating of the established mechanism of control by the
management.
2.7 IMPACT
OF INTERNAL CONTROL MECHANISM
Evaluation
in whatever form is not without some derivable impacts so also with internal
control mechanism.
These
in respect with it according to Taylor and Glexen (1989) in the book general
knowledge on internal control mechanism page 226 and 365 include:
a.
Providing avenue for further
improvement of internal control mechanism by those responsible.
b.
Generation of flow charts of
transaction: processing made and internal control procedures that help in
gaining idea on the part of operators of the mechanism for the determination of
fitness of their function in the whole mechanism.
c.
Development of education tolls that
in a way or the other might help in seaming and assisting the local managers in
understanding institutional and implementing similar controls in their
individual undertakings.
d.
Provision of evaluation reports and
documents: Which form an important part of management information mechanism and
the basis of feedback mechanism to audit committee.
e.
Finally, it allows the efficient and
effective implementation of audit task by serving firms, times as a result of
the auditor’s knowledge if various control mechanism in the organization.
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH
DESIGN
The basic
methodology used in this study is the survey research method. In cases where
classified information to be uncovered, interviews were conducted on the
appropriate officers of First Bank of Nigeria Plc, Kakuri – Kaduna South,
holding managerial position and junior staff as well.
A
questionnaire as developed and administered on a selected sample size
representing respondents of the total population under study. Questions
relating to the problem under study were asked and the response of the staff
filled in the appropriate places.
3.2 RESEARCH
POPULATION
Research
Population refers to the entire subject which the researcher is investigating.
The entire staff of First Bank of Nigeria, Kakuri, Kaduna South as a whole
where data was gathered staff strength eighty (80) members spread across six departments.
3.3 SAMPLE
SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Out of the
total population of 80 staff of First Bank of Nigeria, Kaduna South branch, 40 was
used. The Yaro and Yamani sampling formula was used in choosing the sample
size. This is because it gives closer representation of the population. The
conclusion reached on this research shall be based on the opinion of this
selected population.
3.4 METHODS
OF GATHERING DATA
The sources
of data collected in respect of this study were from primary and secondary
sources of data:
i)
Primary Source of Data
This refers
to those sources of data from which information was gathered through actual
witness to the incident in question which includes oral interview of key
management personnel like the manager, accountants and the internal auditor and
also questionnaire. This sources give first hand information thereby providing
the exact information about a fact or content of a document that exists. The
various methods used in obtaining primary data include:
a.
Personal interview
b.
Observation
c.
Questionnaire
a.
Personal Interview: This
is a conversation held with a person whose view are being sought on a certain
subject matter. Personal interviews were conducted to obtain information which
could not be well reflect in a questionnaire.
b.
Observation:
This denotes a situation whereby a researcher personally observes certain
procedures operations and activities in the area under study. This method
reveal ideas, which were not obtainable from other methods.
c.
Questionnaire:
These are sets of questions presented to the respondents in order to obtain
information. Onwe (2004: 74) identifies the characteristic of a good
questionnaire a good questionnaire as relevancy, consistency, usability,
clarity, quantifiability, simplicity and legibility. The questionnaires used
generated data in the form of Yes/No answers. It was adopted in order to enable
the respondents express themselves well.
ii)
Secondary Source of Data
This
comprises of data generated from related documents to the subject matter
including bulletins, magazines, textbook, journals, newspapers and reports
prepared by research scholars, polytechnic and economist etc. in different
field.
3.5 JUSTIFICATION
FOR THE METHODS USED
The method
used by the researcher in conducting this study include questionnaire,
interview and personal observation. The distribution of questionnaire will be
based on the sample size which is based on the organizational control
mechanism, from various departments. The use of interview will be made where
adequate information cannot be obtained through the use of questionnaire.
This method
of data collection was adopted because of its efficiency in gathering unbiased
information from the selected staff within the time limit. The method was
equally adopted because the population under study was literate.
3.6 METHOD
OF DATA ANALYSIS
This refers
to how the researcher intended to process the data and information used in the research
work.
The method of
data analysis adopted in this research work is the simple percentage tabulation
form. This was sued in analyzing the data.
3.7 JUSTIFICATION
FOR THE INSTRUMENT USED
The percentage
method contains the analysis of data by fixing the data on different
frequencies based on the questionnaire response and converting them into
percentage for each frequencies. This method ensures that data is calculated as
fast and easy as possible with minimal error.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study - - - - - -
1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - -
1.3 Objective of the Study - - - - - - -
1.4 Statement of the Hypothesis/Research
Question - -
1.5 Significance of the Study - - - - - -
1.6 Scope of the Study - - - - - - -
1.7 Limitation of the Study - - - - - -
1.8 Historical Background of the Case Study - - -
1.9 Definition
of Terms - - - - - - -
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - -
2.2 Internal
Control Mechanism - - - - -
2.2.1 Objectives
of Internal Control Mechanism - - -
2.3 Types
of Internal Control Mechanism - - - -
2.4 Qualities
of Internal Control Mechanism - - -
2.5 Basic
Tools of Internal Control Mechanism - - -
2.6 Management
Responsibility of Internal Control Mechanism
2.7 Impact
of Internal Control Mechanism
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Research Population
3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
3.4 Methods of Gathering Data
3.5 Justification for the Methods Used
3.6 Method of Data Analysis
3.7 Justification for the Instrument Used
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myprojectsng.blogspot.com.ng
https://projectmaterialsng.blogspot.com.ng/
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