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THE CONTRIBUTION/IMPORTANCE
OF PROFESSIONAL FORENSIC AUDITING
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Mobile wise geek
(2011) defined fraud as a deliberate misrepresentation that causes a form of
monetary losses. All of these are usually required for an act to be considered
fraud, if someone lied about his name.
United states legal (2011), defined fraud an international
misrepresentation of material existing facts made by one person to another with
the knowledge of its falsity and for the purpose of inducing the other person
to act, and upon which the other person relies with resulting injuries or
damages.
Fraud has been in existence from the beginning of creation,
and the increase of fraud on daily basis brought about forensic auditing.
Forensic auditing is defined as the activity that consist of
gathering, verifying, processing, analyzing of and reporting of data in order
to obtain facts and /or evidence in the area of legal of financial disputes and
or irregularities including fraud and giving preventative advice. IFA (2011).
Fraud is an independent criminal offence, and it is the main
phenomenon that gave birth to forensic auditing, especially those related to
economic crime. These economic crimes are known to be an unpleasant fact and a
disheartening issue in the heart of many organizations, and the control of it,
is a concern for any organization that employs employees, accountants or other
hired professional that have access
to the receipts of organization’s
funds.
Therefore, we are faced with the inescapable conclusion that
forensic auditors are charged with the responsibility of controlling and
preventing those fraudulent practices.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NIGERIAN POLICE FORCE (NPF)
The Nigeria Police (NP) is the principal law enforcement
agency in Nigeria with a staff strength of about 371,800. There are currently
plans to increase the force to 650,000, adding 280,000 new recruits to the
existing 370,000. The NP is a very large organization consisting of 36 commands
grouped into 12 zones and 7 administrative organs. The agency is currently
headed by IGP Solomon Arase in acting capacity.Nigeria’s police was first
established in 1820 and it began with officers from Imo State. The first person
to have the highest rank in all the police is commissioner general colonel KK.
In 1879 a 1,200-member armed paramilitary Hausa Constabulary
was formed. In 1896 the Lagos Police was established. A similar force, the
Niger Coast Constabulary, was formed in Calabar in 1894 under the newly
proclaimed Niger Coast Protectorate. In the north, the Royal Niger Company set
up the Royal Niger Company Constabulary in 1888 with headquarters. When the
protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria were proclaimed in the early
1900s, part of the Royal Niger Company Constabulary became the Northern Nigeria
Police, and part of the Niger Coast Constabulary became the Southern Nigeria
Police. During the colonial period, most police were associated with local
governments (native authorities). In the 1960s, under the First Republic, these
forces were first regionalised and then nationalised.
The NPF performed conventional police functions and was
responsible for internal security generally; for supporting the prison,
immigration, and customs services; and for performing military duties within or
outside Nigeria as directed. Plans were announced in mid-1980 to expand the
force to 200,000. By 1983, according to the federal budget, the strength of the
NPF was almost 152,000, but other sources estimated it to be between 20,000 and
80,000. Reportedly, there were more than 1,300 police stations nationwide.
Police officers were not usually armed but were issued weapons when required
for specific missions or circumstances. They were often deployed throughout the
country, but in 1989 Babangida announced that a larger number of officers would
be posted to their native areas to facilitate police- community relations.
Authority
The Nigeria Police (NP) is designated by Section 194 of the
1979 constitution as the national police of Nigeria with exclusive jurisdiction
throughout the country. Constitutional provision also exists, however, for the
establishment of separate NPF branches “forming part of the armed forces of the
Federation or for their protection of harbours, waterways, railways and
airfields.” One such branch, the Port Security Police, was reported by
different sources to have a strength in 1990 of between 1,500 and 12,000.
Organization
The NPF maintains a three-tier administrative structure of
departments, zonal and state commands.
Departments
S/NO Departments Responsibilities 1 Finance and
Administration General administration and Finance 2 Department of Operations
Crime prevention, Public Order, Public Safety 3 Department of Logistics and
Supply Works and Police Estate Management 4 Department of Criminal
Investigation Criminal Investigation 5 Department of Training Training Human
Resources 6 Department of Research and Planning Statistics and Data 7
Department of Information Technology Information and communication
management
The NPF was under the general operational and administrative
control of an Inspector General (IGP) appointed by the president and responsible
for the maintenance of law and order. He was supported at headquarters in Lagos
by a Deputy Inspector General (DIG) and in each state by police commissioners.
The 1979 constitution provided for a Police Service Commission that was
responsible for NPF policy, organization, administration, and finance (except
for pensions), In February 1989, Babangida abolished the Police Service
Commission and established the Nigeria Police Council in its stead, under
direct presidential control. The new council was chaired by the president; the
chief of General Staff, the minister of internal affairs, and the police
inspector general were members. As part of the government reorganization in
September 1990, Alhajji Sumaila Gwarzo, formerly SSS director, was named to the
new post of minister of state, police affairs.
In late 1986, the NPF was reorganized nationwide into seven
area commands, which superseded a command structure corresponding to each of
the States of Nigeria. Each command was under a commissioner of police and was
further divided into police provinces and divisions under local officers. NPF
headquarters, which was also an area command, supervised and coordinated the
other area commands. Later these Area Commands were grouped under Zone Commands
as follows:
Zone 1, Headquartered Kano, with Kano, Kastina, and Jigaw
Commands
Zone 2, Headquartered Lagos, with Lagos, and Ogun Commands
Zone 3, Headquartered Yola, with Adamawa, and Gombe Commands
The 1986 NPF reorganization was occasioned by a public
eruption of tensions between the police and the army. A superintendent was
suspended for a time for grumbling that the army had usurped police functions
and kept police pay low, and there were fights between police and army officers
over border patrol jurisdiction. The armed forces chief of staff announced a
thorough reorganization of the NPF into the seven new area commands and five
directorates (criminal investigations, logistics, supplies, training, and
operations) under deputy inspectors general. About 2,000 constables and 400
senior police officers were dismissed by mid-1987, leaving senior police
officers disgruntled.
In mid-1989 another NPF reorganization was announced after
the AFRC’s acceptance of a report by Rear Admiral Murtala Nyako. In 1989 the
NPF also created a Quick Intervention Force in each state, separate from the
mobile police units, specifically to monitor political events and to quell
unrest during the transition to civil rule. Each state unit of between 160 and
400 police was commanded by an assistant superintendent and equipped with
vehicles, communications gear, weapons, and crowd control equipment, including
cane shields, batons, and tear gas.
A Federal Investigation and Intelligence Bureau (FIIB) was to
be set up as the successor to the Directorate of Intelligence and
Investigation; three directorates were established for operations,
administration, and logistics, each headed by a deputy inspector general.
The Directorate of Operations was subdivided into four units
under a deputy director—operations, training, communications, and the Mobile
Police.
The Directorate of Administration was composed of an
administration unit headed by an assistant inspector general (AIG), and of budget
and personnel units under commissioners.
The Directorate of Logistics had four units—procurement,
workshop/transport, supply, and work/maintenance—under AIGs. The zonal
arrangements were retained. However, AIGs were authorized to transfer officers
up to the rank of chief superintendent, to set up provost units, to deploy
mobile units, and to promote officers between the ranks of sergeant and
inspector.
The above three Directorates were renamed Departments
Department of Criminal Investigation D Department[6] The
Department Criminal Investigation (DCI) is the highest criminal investigation
arm of the Nigeria Police NPF. The Department is headed by a Deputy
Inspector-General (DIG). Its primary functions include investigation and
prosecution of serious and complex criminal cases within and outside the
Country. The Department also coordinates crime investigations throughout the
NPF. The DCI is divided into sections, with most of them headed by
Commissioners of Police (CPs). The Sections are:
Administration
Anti-Fraud Section
iii. The Central Criminal Registry (CCR)
Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS)
X-Squad
General Investigation
vii. Special Fraud Unit (SFU)
viii. Legal Section
Forensic Science Laboratory
Interpol Liaison
Homicide
xii. Anti-Human Trafficking Unit
xiii. Force Intelligence Bureau (FIB)
xiv. DCI Kaduna Annex
POLICE MOBILE FORCE
The Police Mobile Force was established as a strike or
Anti-riot unit under the control of the Inspector-General of Police to counter
incidents of civil disturbance. It is designated to take over operations of
major crisis where conventional police units cannot cope.
There are presently 12 MOPOL Commands, MOPOLs 1 thru 12,
controlling 52 Police Mobile Squadrons which are spread amongst the 36 State
Commands and Federal Capital Territory (FCT).
SUPERVISION OF THE NIGERIA POLICE
Three major Governmental Agencies oversee the control and
supervision of the Nigerian Police; The Police Service Commission and The
Ministry of Police Affairs.
The Police Service Commission (PSC)
The PSC is the civilian oversight body on the police. It is
responsible for appointment, promotion, and discipline of all police officers
except the Inspector General of Police. It shall collaborate, cooperate and
work with all the stake holders, namely the police council with the President
of Nigeria as Chairman, all the governors of the Federating states of Nigeria,
the Minister of Interior, the Chairman, Police Service commission and the
Inspector-General of Police as members to turn the police around and enable it
to meet the challenges of the 21st century.
The Nigeria Police Council (NPC)
The Police Service Commission (PSC
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In this study, there are certain problems that are related to
the application of forensic auditing and they include;
Insufficient skilled manpower for the use of automated tools
or software.
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