EFFECTIVE INTERVAL CONTROL MEASURES AS TOOLS FOR TRANSPARENCY, PROBITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE MANAGEMENT
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EFFECTIVE INTERVAL
CONTROL MEASURES AS TOOLS FOR TRANSPARENCY, PROBITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE
MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The need for effective internal control measures as tools for
transparency, probity and accountability in the management of public resources
cannot be over emphasized. This starts from the fact that right from the
creation of the world, means in-seniority cannot be compromised. As a result of
that, there is need to make rules or laws guiding financial management or
internal control for proper discharge of responsibilities.
Thus, internal rules and regulations, financial laws,
constitutions, criminal coders, audit Act of 1958, appropriate Act, treasury
circulars and Audit circulars, represent steps forwards in trying to control
man’s management of public resources.
Corruption in Nigeria
has earned for itself official recognition. The level of corruption has become so
alarming that Nigeria’s reputation is being denoted abroad. This informs the
reasons for the formation of anti-corruption Act by the present government
headed by president Olusegun Obasanjo whose seal on the issue assisted in the
early drafting of the anti-corruption will which later passed into law, having
gone through the legislative process. The law to be cited as prohibition and
punishment of bribery, corruption and other related offences act is meant to
curb all forms of social, economic, politically corruption that has continually
(hinder the growth of the ratio
undermine public accountability, transparency and probity in the management of
public resources.
The act is to be implemented through independent corrupt
practices and Allied offences commission to be headed and composed of men and
women of high integrity and transparent honesty to be appointed by the
president, subject to the approval of the relational Assembly. However,
experience in the past has shown that more often than not, those entrusted with
the duty of enforcing or preserving any state law break and undermine such
laws. This has been described as ‘Nigerian” factor?
The installation of an efficient internal control mechanism
into the public sector management are important steps assuring the general
public the accountability and transparency of public officials for their
stewardship as custodians of public resources.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The term mismanagement, misappropriation, misapplication and
embezzlement are synonymous Mismanagement or misappropriate is the
unauthorized, improper and unlawful use of fund or other properties for purpose
other than that for which it is intended.
To give impression that fraud, embezzlement, misapplication
of public fund suit because of lack of internal control, in government as
claimed by the conference of the federal and state auditor general in Nigeria
in their preface to “exposure daft” on public sector, internal control standard
in May 1998 was uncharitable. The
internal auditor passes salaries vouchers. Therefore, fraud and mismanagement
of fraud does not exist because of absence of internal control but because
operators have decided to set the control aside for selfish immediate benefit,
irrespective of its consequence to a local government or the nation.
The following are issues, which lead to fraud and
misappropriation of local government(s) fund:
1. Borrowing of
funds for capital projects, only to be misappropriated by the three
wise-men-chairman, secretary and treasurer.
2.
Misrepresentation of actual receipt of funds from federal accounts and
VAT receipts.
3. Questionable
overhead expenditure on security.
4. Illegal
overhead expenditure.
5. Payment of
council funds fictitious projects.
6. Payment of
council fund for the jobs not recounted.
7. Over pricing
by works officers of direct labour job contracts.
8.
Misappropriation of local government(S) fund through collusion of
chairman, secretary and treasurer.
Inflation of salary bills by the three wise-men.
Misappropriation of special greats from the federal or state
or their agencies.
The above issues account for nearly 100% of the cases of
fraud and misappropriation of fund from local government.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
In view of the over view of the study and statement of
problems already discussed, this work aims at achieving the following
objectives:
i. To identify
the problems and the causes of the problems of internal control in the local
government(s).
ii. To evaluate
the roles played by the management in resolving the inadequacy or
ineffectiveness of internal control towards the achievement of planned
objectives of the local government(s) council.
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY.
Internal control is an indispensable instrument in the
management of an organization but it is regrettable that there is little or no
internal control system in most local government s and ministries. With
reference to the above local government, actual losses of millions of Naira
occur every year and that is why there is a need to order a full research work
in it. This study will therefore go a long way to contribute in appreciating
the effectiveness of internal control in controlling the safe guarding of
assets and generation of reliable financial information. An understanding of
this will certainly suggesting the effectiveness and adequacy of internal control
existing in the local government and departments.
The findings and conclusions would definitely be of help to
those interested in making policies and decisions in the local government(s)
and organizations. In summary, this study will recommend internal control
measure to be adopted by government officials and minimizing the imminent
losses suffered due to inadequate internal control in local government(s). this
research work will also serve as an addition to an existing literatures in
subject matter of the effectiveness of internal control local government.
1.5
STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS.
For the purpose of this research work, the following
assumptions were made:
1. Ho: There is an effective internal control
measure in local governments.
Hi: There is no effective internal control
measures in local governments.
2. Ho: Internal control is effective in the local
government’ segregation of functions.
Hi: Internal control is not effective in the
local government’ segregation of functions.
3. Ho: Government officials apply existing
internal control measures in the performance of their duties.
Hi: Government
officials do not apply existing internal control measures in the performance of
their duties.
4. Ho: Government official employ competent
persons to work in various government departments.
Hi: Government
official do not employ competent persons to work in various government
departments.
1.6 SCOPE
AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Internal control is very wide in scope and is in exhaustive
in the sense that it touches all facets of organizational structure. The scope
of this study is limited to one local government council “Igbo Etiti local
government” which is one of the local government in Enugu state.
The limitation is posed by the time factor. The time allowed
for the project both for the theoretical and field work or practical work is
too short still run concurrently with the class activities.
Secondly, some of the respondents did not co-operate with the
researcher and also financial constraints.
1.7
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1.
TRANSPARENCY: This implies
that the custodian of public wealth should always recognize their obligation to
submit to public enquiry of their stewardship any time willing and ready to appear before the public enquiry and
examination.
2.
ACCOUNABILITY: The obligation
of an employee, agent or other person to supply a satisfactory report, often
periodic of action or of failure to act following delegated authority.
3. PROBIT: Probity implies uprightness of character or
that an officer is of high integrity.
4. FRAUD: The successful practice of deception with the intention of cheating
or injure another.
5. STAFF
COLLUSION: A secret understanding
between two or more staff to take, advantage of another with object of
depriving him of a right or property.
6.
EMBEZZLEMENT: The fraudulent
appropriation of property lawfully in ones custody, as of cash or security try
a cashier or trusted or of stores by a stock clerk.
7. ETHICS: Ethics or ethical conduct within a
profession is a special application of the ideal conduct.
8.
ANTI-CORRUPTION BILL: This is a
proposed law drafted by the executive and submitted to the legislative for
passage into law. If passed, it is intended to eradicate corruption in Nigeria.
9.
CORRUPTION: A State of change
from a sound to a putrid state, dishonesty, open to bribery, not genuine and
full of errors.
10. FINANCIAL
MEMORANDA: This is document with
a codified set rules and regulations which provide detailed guideline and
instructions on the financial accounting and
store procedures to be followed in the administration of financial
affairs and material management of each local government.
11. FINANCIAL
INSTRUCTIONS: Financial
instructions are rules and
regulations bind up in a book called financial regulations. The book outlines the manner by which the
government finance and
accounting arrangements are regulated.
12. APPROPRIATION ACT: This is an act of the Nation or State
Assemblies which state sources of government revenue and how these revenues
will be spend within a stipulated period of time usually one year.
13. SEGREGATION OF
DUTIES: This means separation of
duties or functions between departments and individuals such that no one person
handles a particular transaction from the beginning to the end.
14. INTERNAL
CHECK: It is defined in the statement
of auditing standard as the allocation of authority and work in such a manner
as to afford checks on the routine transactions of day to day work by means of
the work of one person being proved independently by another.
15. INTERNAL
CONTROLE: It means whole system of
controls financial and otherwise, established by the management in order to
carry on the business of the enterprise in a n orderly and efficient manner,
ensure adherence to management policies, safeguard its assets and secure as far
as possible the accuracy and reliability of its records.
REFERENCES
Aguolu Osita FCA (1998) Fundamental of Auditing, Rex Charles
and
Patrick Ltd. Nisno.
David N. Richuite (1982) Auditing Concept and Standard by
South West Publishing Co.
Ohia.
Wilson Uchenna Ani (2001) Government and Public Sector
Accounting I,
Immaculate Publications.
Eric L. Kohler, A Dictionary of Accounting, Fourth Edition.
Onyia Leo-Effective internal Control Measures as Tool for
transparency,
probity and Accountability in the Management of
Public Resources.
Being a Paper,
Presented to a two-day Seminar on Modern Trend and Emerging Roles of treasury
and Audit Management in Internal Control management in Government, August 2000.
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