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AN ANALYSIS OF SPORTS
REPORTING IN SELECT NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The first printing press invented in 1448 by Johannes
Gutenberg made skillful use of the knowledge of writing and the invention of
alphabet. Handwritten manuscripts continued to be produced and the different
graphic modes of communication continued to influence each other. Gutenberg
made use of metals he had learned as a craftsman, he was the first to make type
from an alloy of lead, tin and antimony, which was critical for producing
durable type that produced high quality blocks and proved to be more suitable
for printing than the clay, wooden or bronze types used in East Asia.
Printing was also seen as a factor in the establishment of a
community. Scientist could easily communicate their discoveries through the
establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals, helping to bring on
the scientific revolution. Authorship became more meaningful and profitable and
this allowed the exact citing of references of “an author, the work (title), a
piece of information” (Giesecke, 1989:325). With this invention of printing
press also came the birth of print Journalism. It was suddenly important to
know who was said or written what and what the precise formulation and time of
composition was.
What can be regarded as newspaper was first seen in seaports,
the early communication centers, where news was available from ship stage and
post from sailors and people coming to markets. Mboho (1988) believes that:
“As trading centers the ports were most likely to provide
sources of advertisement….there the publisher might augment his income by doing
public printing or find financial support by aligning with one of the political
factors”.
On the contrary, the first officially recognized newspaper in
Nigeria “Iwe Irohin Fun Awon Ara Egba Ati Yoruba” was first published in Yoruba
language was towards human interest and morality without much interest in
profit making. Since 1859 when Rev. Henry Townsend published Iwe Irohin, the
Nigerian newspaper industry has grown from the colonial era to the period the
newspaper as a medium of mass communication has somehow came of age. Today,
more and more people are becoming enlightened. Hence, the need to know what is
happening around their environment increases because man cannot exist in a
vacuum. We need information to survive. The process of reading is gradually
changing from oral reading to silent, private reading.
Akpan (1987:16) agrees and elaborate thus:
“Information, the raw materials for communication, gives us
energy just as water and food gives us energy, information does the same too,
information is an essential living ingredient”
Today, the newspaper is seen as a commercial venture where
profit making is necessary. The free market system creates competition among
newspapers. Each newspaper strives so hard to maximize its circulation by
injecting matters that can boost readership of its newspaper. On the part of
the reader, selectively has came into play. Newspaper management can also
attract the readers by the beautifully designed layout, good type faces and
good reporting. Most newspapers dedicate certain pages to particular subject.
Hence there is editorial, features, religion, cartons, personality profiles,
news stories, sports etc. Any reader with a particular interest turns
immediately to the page for the subject without rambbling over the entire copy.
In Nigeria, the Guardian, Vanguard, Thisday, Punch, Daily Independent, Daily
Sun etc are some of the national newspaper in circulation. Newspaper columns
have aided easy reading of newspapers.
Today, the sports columns have so much attract lot of readers
due to the rise in sports fellowership in Nigeria.
The more Nigerians are sports loving people. The more it
creates room for sports reporters to write on current sports activities. This
is because sports activities happening around our environment are more likely
to interest people either local, or international. In this way, newspapers draw
a large readership from people of different ages, educational and social
backgrounds. The general acceptance of the importance of sports has made it to
become a vehicle for promoting national unity and projecting the country as
image.
Sports has been a useful way for people to increase mastery
of nature and the environment. The history of sports can teach us a great deal
about social changes and about the nature of sports itself. Sports seems to
involve basic human skills being developed and exercised for their own sake, in
parallel with being exercised for their usefulness. Sports also show how
society has changed its beliefs and therefore there are changes in the rules.
Two newspapers will be compared in this work. These are the “Daily Independent
and Vanguard”.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
One major area of interest in newspaper coverage in sports.
There are several sporting activities like swimming, table tennis, football,
boxing, lawn tennis, wrestling, racing etc. and the reporters are expected to
cover them fairly and adequately. But readers tend to believe that there is
mere emphasis of football in our dailies over the other sports. The readers
also believe that women’s competition in sports has been frowned upon. There is
gender discrimination and no equal opportunity for women to participate in
sports at all levels. Women are also seen as weaker sex in terms of sports
activities.
The reporters can gather and disseminate information to their
consumers with the least bias towards any sports activities. Newspaper work is
departmentalized into desks and each is expected to take care of its area of
interest in serving the general public good, in terms of fortunes for the
organization and satisfaction to its consumers.
This bothered the researcher to question; whether football
was actually given more coverage in our dailies when compared to all other
sporting activities. Whether women’s competition in sports was portrayed at all
levels? To what extent do they give an update for local and International
sports?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY
This study had as its objectives to find out.
To determine the frequency of coverage given to local and
international sports by the newspaper under this study.
To determine the prominence given to football coverage in
relation to other sports.
To determine the gender bias in the coverage of sports in
Nigerian Newspapers.
RESEARCH QUESTION
What is the frequency of coverage given to local and
international sports by the newspapers?
What prominence is given to football coverage in relation to
other sports?
Do Nigerian newspapers have gender bias in their sports
coverage?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
As the topic suggests, this work is to determine the analysis
of sports reporting in select Nigerian newspapers. A work of this nature is
important to journalists, researchers, sports administrators, sports fans and
the government. Since government and sponsors invest heavily on sports men and
women with much encouragement.
The public expects the media; newspapers inclusive to help in
bringing their preferences to public attention now that there is an increased
interest in sports. Therefore to attract the over increasing sports followers
their quest for good sports coverage must be met. The sports column should be
rich and juicy.
The newspapers for this study were chosen from other numerous
national newspapers. Moreover, they are “The Daily Independent and Vanguard”.
The period January – April 2007 was chosen for the study
because no major sports competition or event in the mould of world cup of any
single sports took place at that time. However, the events which took place
were the various sports leagues, friendly competitions as well as other issues
proceeding future competitions. It was the belief of the researcher that
choosing a period whose some sports had major competitions going on would have
tended to unduly crave more attention from reporters.
1.6 DELIMITATION OF
THE STUDY
Virtually all newspapers in Nigeria report sports. However,
this study restricts itself to only two (2) newspapers; the Daily Independent
and Vanguard.
This study cover four (4) months from January 2007 to April
2007.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE
STUDY
The main problem encountered by the researcher during the
course of this study was time. It took the researcher several days to secure
relevant and ready materials for the research.
Lack of necessary funds needed hampered more during the
research process. Lack of understanding of sources of the importance of the
research was also a problem, their response towards assisting the researcher
sort for materials was not encouraging. Therefore, all the problems enumerated
above did not invalidate the work of the researcher.
1.8 DEFINITION OF
TERMS
The following terms are defined according to their usage in
the study.
International –
connected with or involving two or more countries.
Local – belonging to
or connected with a particular place or area.
Gender – the fact of being male or female
Reporting – presenting and writing objective news for
television, radio or newspapers.
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