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PERCEIVED
EFFECT OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
The
importance of instructional materials in the teaching and learning situation in
school cannot be over emphasized. Instructional materials are teaching aids
that uses both sight and sound to convey the meanings to students and enrich
the learning experience of students (Nolan, 1988).
With
reference to education, instructional materials or teaching devices which
appeal to the sense of sight and sound are referred to as audio-visual aids.
These help to motivate and make students to participate in the learning
activities with good retention through good pictures or chart produced to be
seen with eyes and sound to be heard with ears simultaneously.
When
instructional materials are used according to Nolan (1988), students or
learners interest are aroused, the lesson becomes real, students participate
more actively and they retain much more than when Instructional materials are
not used.
Studies such
as that which was conducted by Bekaiye (1989) and Iwoh (1988), revealed that
instructional materials were either not available in schools or where they are
available, they were not effectively used. Instructional materials may be like
pictures or graphs in nature. They includes model, field trips, charts, text
books, chalkboard, illustrations etc.
There is
truth in the adage which says “a picture is worth a thousand words”. Nolan
(1988) felt that students retain much more when they see and hear than when
they only read and see. He also felt that learning comes about in a shorter
period of time when instructional materials are relied upon.
The role of
instructional materials in the teaching and learning system cannot be over
emphasized. Ademola (2004) stressed that instructional materials serve as an
aid for effective and efficient learning in any learning system and that it is
also a pivot for the economic and social justification of any learning system.
He further argues that instructional materials does not only play vital role in
terms of learning process of individuals but also helps the overall development
of the individuals. Oshodi (1996) in his opinion says Nigeria must release the
good work of her investment on education through instructional materials for it
is these materials that will bring into reality, her work. Hence, he advocated
for the supply of instruction materials in schools. He also advise that
instructional materials that facilitate teaching should be used throughout all
educational levels from nursery education to university education.
Subsequently,
the importance of instructional materials in achieving educational objectives
was vividly highlighted by Ajayi and Salami (1999), when they submitted that
instructional materials improve teachers competence, effectiveness of
instruction and good classroom control. It makes the learning environment more
appreciable and conducive. The learner’s attention is better controlled and
sustained throughout the lesson.
Adeyemi
(1993), supported the above opinion by saying that when children see things it
makes much more lasting impression on them than by mere hearing about things.
Thus, this study is concerned with the perceived effect of instructional
materials on students academic achievement. In this regard selected secondary
schools in Lagos State shall be used as cases for study.
STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
In every
facet of life man explores many ways of communicating his ideas, skills and
knowledge in an effective manner. The ability to recall and apply appropriate
by what is being taught is learning. A teacher is aware of this basic truth and
therefore seeks possible ways of his making teaching effective. Exclusive use
of words alone to convey meaning, ideas and knowledge has been found to be
ineffective. Apart from being ineffective, it runs contrary to some principles
of learning. Common experience and research revealed that people learn
differently, therefore, the teacher has to present instruction in a way that
would gain the attention of the learners that learners will be able to recall
what is being taught with less difficulty and also make sure that learning take
place effectively. This can be achieved by the various materials the teacher
employees to make learning effective.
The
rationale then for using instructional materials is to cater for the unique
learning style of various categories of learners. Therefore, this study sought
to investigate the perceived effect of instructional materials on students
academic achievement. As such, emphasis shall be on the influence of arousing
and sustaining student learning interest, changing attitude, level of
acquisition and retention of factual information as well as motivation of
learners.
PURPOSE OF
STUDY
This study
intends to determine the perceived effect of instructional materials on
students academic achievement. It also aimed at investigating how instructional
materials could contribute to teaching and learning in the classroom. Amongst
others the study is designed.
i. To find out
whether instructional materials arouses learner’s interest.
ii. To find
out whether instructional materials aid learner’s retention of information.
iii. To
determine the influence of instructional materials on class participation of
learners.
iv. To
determine the influence of instructional materials on learners motivation.
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
i. To what
extent does instructional materials influence the educational achievement of
students? This study was designed to address the following additional research
questions:
ii. Does
instructional materials influence the learners class participation.
iii. Does
instructional materials motivate students in the learning process?
iv. Does
instructional materials arouse the learners learning interest?
v. Does
instructional materials aid the learners retention ability?
RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
1.
Instructional materials will not significantly influence the learner’s class
participation.
2.
Instructional materials will not significantly motivate students in the
learning process.
3.
Instructional materials will not significantly arouse the learners learning
interest.
4.
Instructional materials with not significantly influence student’s retention
ability.
5.
Instructional materials will not significantly influence student’s academic
achievement.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The
perceived effect of instructional materials on students academic achievement is
significant with particular reference to some selected secondary schools in
Mushin Local Government both private and public schools.
The outcome
of this study and its recommendations will motivate various governments and
school authorities to fashion out ways of effectively utilizing instructional
materials in the teaching and learning of subjects in secondary schools.
Specifically,
students could be put up right in the effective use of instructional materials
by the teacher for quicker assimilation and retention of facts in the teaching learning
system in various schools.
The parents
would not be left out also. They would be well informed as to the importance of
the use of appropriate instructional materials by teachers in the teaching of
various subject as well as been able to come to the aid of schools financially
towards procurement of modern instructional materials and appreciate projects
given to their wards as assignments.
SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
For the
purpose of this study. The researcher focused and concentrated on five
secondary schools randomly selected in Mushin Local Government both public and
private as the target population.
The names of
the schools used were:
1. Eko Boys
Secondary School (Public)
2. Barch
Freeman High School (Public)
3. Standard
Comprehensive College (Private)
4. Nigeria
Model Secodnary School (Private)
5. Ransome
Kuti Memorial Grammar School (Public)
All located
in Mushin Local Government
LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
This study
is limited to a geographical area in Mushin.
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Perceived:
This means to become award of through the senses, to see, to understand etc.
Instructional
Materials: These are materials that facilitate teaching and learning process.
Learning: It
means to gain knowledge, skills, make process by being taught.
Teachers:
This refers to those that are concerned with impacting knowledge, values,
skills and culture in the curriculum to the learners.
Learners:
These are the receiver or to whom knowledge, skills and cultural value are transmitted.
Achievement:
This means to accomplished or to get something done.
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