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EFFECTS AND
CAUSES OF OVERPOPULATION IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This
research work was designed to find out the causes and effect of overpopulation
in Nigerian. In carrying out this research, the researcher visited some Areas
in Edo State, and questionnaires were used to elicit information for the
general public, and these information’s were analyzed in form of tables. It was
observed that polygamy; illiteracy, poverty and early marriage are some of the
reasons responsible for the rapid increase in population. Also the effects have
raised concerns that the planned economy may not be able to sustain present or
large number of inhabitants. Hence, having few number of children, monogamy and
improvement in the standard of living are the solutions to the resultant
effects of population explosion in Nigeria. The following recommendations were
made. The government should improve the appalling health sector of this
country; there is need for the elimination of harmful practices such as sexual
trafficking and violence against women. Government should endeavour to provide
programmes that will stress on the continuo’s use of family planning services,
women should be educated and empowered. Finally, if the government can provide
incentives for smaller families, exponential population growth can be checked.
TABLE OF
CONTENT
CHAPTER
ONE
Introduction
Background
to the study
Statement of
the problem
Purpose of
the study
Significance
of the study
Research
questions
Scope of the
study
Limitations
of the study
Definition
of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Review of
related literature
The causes
of overpopulation in Nigeria
The effects
overpopulation in Nigeria
Solutions to
the problems of overpopulation
CHAPTER
THREE METHODOLOGY
Research
design
Population
of the study
Sample of
the study
Sampling
techniques adopted
Instrumentation
Validation
of instrument
Method of
data collection
Method of
data analysis
CHAPTER
FOUR
Data
presentation, analysis and interpretation
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary,
conclusion and recommendations
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
OF THE ST UDY
Population in biology is referred to
as the total number of organisms of the same species in a give habitat at a
given time. In respect of human population, population can be defined as the
total number of people in a given country (Obueh, 2006). The size and structure
of human population have been completely changed by a number of factors
including higher incomes, improved nutrition, safe and sufficient water and
sanitation, wide availability of immunization, high effective drugs
against infectious diseases, increased
education and technological development. It is therefore correct to state that
the economic growth of a nation is significantly dependent on the growth of its
population.
Nigeria is one of the fastest growing
countries in the world with an estimated population of one hundred and forty
million (140,000,000) and an annual population growth rate of 2.9% (Npc, 2006).
Nigeria is the most populous nation in
sub Saharan Africa and the tenth most populous in the world. However, the
composition of this population is mainly in the youthful category with 49%
being youths below the age of twenty-one (21) and a dependency ratio estimated
at 89%. A large proportion of this population favours and is living in the
rapidly expanding urban area, presently estimated at over 45.2% and will likely
hit 55.4% mark by the year 2015 (UNDP, 2007)
With this statistics however, the
population dynamics shows profound inequities and disproportions when analyzed
with the development indicators, such as, twenty-one doctors per one hundred
thousand people, infant mortality rate of 122 per 1000 live births, maternal of
mortality over 980 per 100,000 live births, life expectancy at birth projected
at 50. 1 years (population growth and economic development in Nigeria, 2008)
Umeh (1996) suggested that the
population of a place must be such that the available food can sustain it for a
very long time. The question of population and population growth and the
related food and growth in food population are serious concern to nations and
their leaders. This is because increased population has direct consequence on
food consumption in the most developing countries; population growth rate is
close to crisis situation.
World population statistics tell a
powerful story about how people and nations around the world are changing. The
world’s population is growing substantially every year, but the pace of growth
varies dramatically from one region to another some countries have aging
population and as a result, face future population decline while others still
have young and rapidly growing populations. Each situation is associated with
its own set of social, economic, environmental and political challenges (Obueh,
2008).
However, the world population by mid
2010 reached 6. 892 billion according to the population reference Burea 2010
world population data sheet. Most future population growth will be in countries
that have relatively large number of young people where large families are
still the norm. Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia are the fastest growing
regions of the world. In contrast, much of the industrialized world is
experiencing much slower growth or even population decline. The United States
in an exception in the industrialized world, mainly because of immigration and
somewhat higher birth rates.
TABLE 1: The
world population by mid 2010 (Obueh, 2008)
Population
World
6,892,319,000
More
developed countries
1,236,646,000
Less
developed countries
5,655,673,000
Births
Per
Year
Day
Minute
14,184,169
384,066
207
14,215,211
38,946
27
125,968,959
345,120
240
Deaths
Per
Year
Day
Minute
56,907,606
155,911
108
12,125,055
33,219
23
44,782,552
122,692
85
Natural
Increase
(births,
death)
Per
Year
Day
Minute
83,276,563
228,155
158
2,090,156
5,762
4
81.186,407
222,429
154
Infant
Deaths
Per
Year
Day
Minute
6,383,531
17,489
12
80,133
220
0.2
6,303.398
17,270
12
Moreso, in the very near future, the
majority of the world’s population will live in urban areas, which include
towns and cities.
The population shift from rural to
urban residents usually have higher educational levels, smaller families, higher
incomes, better health and longer lives than rural residents. But the growth of
urban population also strains the capacity of many developing countries to
provide basic amenities for all residents, the prospects or public services
than those in rural areas.
TABLE 2: The
world’s most populous countries in 2010 (Obueh, 2008)
Rank
Country
Population
(millions)
1
China
1,338
2
India
1,189
3
United
States
310
4
Indonesia
235
5
Brazil
193
6
Pakistan
185
7
Bangladesh
164
8
Nigeria
158
9
Russia
142
10
Japan
127
Although, the 2006 march Nigeria census
results released in January 2007, put Nigeria’s population as 140.3 million.
Table 3:
projected population in 2050 (Obueh, 2008)
Rank
Country
Population
(millions)
1
India
1,748
2
China
1,437
3
United
States
423
4
Pakistan
339
5
Nigeria
326
6
Indonesia
309
7
Bangladesh
222
8
Brazil
215
9
Ethiopia
174
10
Congo, Dem.
Rep
166
The world’s population is projected to
grow to more than a billion in 2010 from 6.892 billion now. In a few years,
India’s population would surpass that of china to become the most populous
country in the world. From the data presented, it shows that Nigeria’s
population would double in 2010. This is due to the young age structure and
high fertility level causing high birth rates. Nearly half of Nigeria’s
population is below age 15 and only 3% is above age 65.
In 1998, Nigeria adopted a national
population policy which seeks to reduce population growth rate through
voluntary fertility regulation and to promote the health and welfare of mothers
and children, to improve the quality of life of all Nigerians. The main thrust
of the policy is the recommendation to young couples not to have more than four
children per family (or per woman). This could not be attained.
Despite the probable decline fertility
in the 1990s, given the country’s age structure, Nigeria’s 1990 population was
expected at least to double before the middle of the next century. Somewhat
less than half of Nigeria’s 1990 population was younger than fifteen (15). As a
result, even if population growth were to drop immediately to a replacement
arte and remain there, the 1990 population would double before stabilizing.
Nigeria thus could expect to deal with a population of more than 200 million
probably within the next twenty-five years.
These projections suggested that
population growth would be an issue of central concern for Nigeria for some
time to come. Merely to remain at current per capital levels, agricultural
production, industrials and other economic out put and provision of health and
other social services would all need to double within twenty-five years. This
situation was challenged of historic proportions for Nigeria, one faced by many
other nations of Africa.
It is against this background
therefore, that this study is initiated to find out the effects or consequences
of population explosion in Edo State, Nigeria.
STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
It has been noted that in Nigeria, most
especially, parents’ interest towards child bearing was to support more
children in the society and will try to explore all the possible ways by making
sure that they encourage other parents in supporting more children also, which
has led to overpopulation.
However, the problem of overpopulation
is not farfetched. Nigerians are not well educated on the need to control their
birth rate and the effects it has on them as well as the society. The
government can no longer provide adequate basic infrastructure for its citizen
as a result of the explosion in population. Unemployment is one the increase as
well as crime.
In addition, marrying of many wives
(polygamy) illiteracy among couples, people attitude to family size,
socio-cultural practices, early marriages and religious beliefs are also some
of the problems that can be responsible for the explosion in population in
Nigeria.
PURPOSE OF
THE STUDY
The following constitute the purpose
for which this research is carried out.
To examine the causes of overpopulation.
To know whether these continuous increase
in population has any effects on the Nigeria economy.
To suggest some of the ways of resolving
the problems associated with overpopulation.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
This study provides information about
the causes of overpopulation. It also helps the researcher and readers to know
whether socio-cultural practices and beliefs has led parents to support more
children. The study also helps to ascertain whether overpopulation has effect
on the economy and to what extent it has affected the economy. It enlightens
the researcher on how to solve the problems associated with overpopulation in
Edo State.
Finally, this study is significant in
the sense that people would become familiar with the causes of population study
and also the derivable benefits associated with them.
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
What are the reasons for rapid growth in
population?
What are the effects of the continuous
increase in population on the economy?
What are the solutions to the problems
associated with population explosion?
SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
This research analysis is expected to
cover the population increase and its problem in Nigeria with particular
reference to Edo State.
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Population:
This is the total number of organisms of the same kind in a given habitant at a
particular time.
Population
growth: This is the rate at which a population is increasing or decreasing in a
given year due to natural increase and not migration, expressed as a percentage
of the base population.
Human
population: This can be defined as the total number of people in a given
community at a particular time.
Explosion: A
large sudden or rapid increase in the amount or number of something.
Populous:
This is where a large number of people live (densely populated).
Data: These
are facts or information especially when examine and used to find out things or
make decisions.
Effect: This
is defined as a change produced by an action or other cause.
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