THE EFFECT OF CREDIT RECOVERY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF NIGERIAN AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK (NACRDB)

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THE EFFECT OF CREDIT RECOVERY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF NIGERIAN AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK (NACRDB)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The administration of credit can be regarded as important to financial institutions in any economy. Consequently the formulation and implementation of bound credit policies among the most crucial responsibilities of management in any financial institution. Thus this formulation of a sound credit policy is a necessary condition if financial institutions are to attain their objectives to serve the public in an efficient manner and more importantly, ensure the safety of their funds. An articulate credit management policy not only seeks to balance profit ability with liquidity but in doing so, it is expected to determine to whom credit must be granted, how to ensure successful recovery. (I Yowu 1985).

The achievement of an efficient credit management entails an element of subject judgment.

Abdullahi (1993) posited that “in order” to arrive at a good judgment there is a need to evaluate the cannons of lending or the five’s of credit namely condition, character, capacity, capital and collateral.

Nigeria Agricultural cooperative and rural development bank (NACRDB) was established on the 24th November 1972 and went into operation on 6th March 1973 its establishment was hinged on the now enhanced vindicated conviction that the bank will enhance the income level of farmers and this make farming more attractive.

Today (NACRDAB) started as the Nigeria Agricultural bank ltd (NAB) and actually took it’s new name in 1978 at the instance of the Nigerian government. this in the government view was to reflect more vividly, the bank commitment to Agricultural development through the promotion and financing of co-operates the general consensus however, was that these credit financing institutions, failed die to some factors. Agricultural experts say these factors ranged political interference, inefficient project, appraised monitoring and supervision, the low coverage of the farming population, trade quite funding adoption of the excessively rigid and time consuming procedures for processing loans application, low loan recovery and untimely loan disbursement, the loans institutional lending consisting of such informal sources as money lenders, friends relations and thrift societies, took advantage of the weakness of these institutional lenders to change exorbitant rate themselves which the government commissioned a number of studies which finally culminated in the world bank stonenam report of 1969.

The report recommended among other things the establishment of a National Agricultural credit institution, whose major function would be the provision of credit to farmer so as to exterminate the major impediment to agricultural development in Nigeria.

And after 22 years of existence (NACRDB) can unequivocally be said to have lived up to these objectives it has provided diverse credits to improve the whole ambit of the country’s agricultural and agro business. Thus, the (NACRDB) of today is a welcome relief to Nigerian farmers, the banks inauguration market an important land mark in the history of the nation’s agricultural development and it is has continued to serve as a national financing institution devoted industry to investing in all aspect of the agricultural industry. And more importantly, it has continued to serve as a source of fund to Nigeria farmers.

1.1     OBJECTIVE OF THE EXTENDED ESSAY

          The following are the objectives of the extended essay;

TO find out the beneficiaries of NACRDB loan.

To find out the rate of loan repayment and its consistency

To find out how NACRDB loan is disbursed to its beneficiaries.

To make the essay work the basis upon which other essay writers can improve upon.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EXTENDED ESSAY

The relevance of any essay work to the society being studied and the economic work of the nation lies or the qualify of the work carried out.

Nevertheless, Nigeria Agricultural cooperative and rural development bank (NACRDB) Kaduna was assessed by the then Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon (Rtd) at its launching in 1973 as also concerned on the validity of the conception it has become a household name, in agricultural financing might be a risky venture, but that it will be the magnitude of agricultural development of  the national economy in the long run.

The essay will serve as means of appraising the agricultural sector as to determine if the aims and objectives are being met to other financial institutions it will serve as a means of estimating their contribution to the overall economic development of the small scale farmers in particular and the larger scale farmer (exporters) in general through the different loan schemes. To this end, we will be also to see if their different schemes are meeting the expectations required to them and to suggest remedies where they are found wanting.

To farmers, the paper will serve as a means of creating much needed awareness as regards the different ways that they can meet up with their commitments to the bank and in making the bank continue to assist irrespective of the various schemes it is involved in this work will also serve as a reminder to other financial institution other than NACRDB of the need to extend their activities to the venture of agricultural financing sector of the economy that concentrating only on the banking aspect.

Finally, this paper will serve as a guide of enlightening the general populace of the importance of agricultural financing and suggesting ways and strategies of reducing the risk involved in loan.

SCOPE OF THE EXTENDED ESSAY

The essay is limited to NACRDB Head office that is to took into the operations, problems and prospect of loan recovery techniques in NACRDB.

Nigeria Agricultural cooperative and rural development bank (NACRDB) is chosen for study being the single most important financial institution in the country lending support and effect governments policies on agriculture. Based on this premise, any conclusion, inferences and recommendation arising from this study are likely to apply to other financial institutions that give loan for agriculture the study will also focus on how the different loan scheme of the social and economy will being of the beneficiaries.

LIMITATION OF THE EXTENDED ESSAY

The study requires some quality and full concentration which it has not been able to get due to the following factors:

Time constraint:  The time to carry out this study is too short because there are other school activities that prevent me form devoting my whole time unto the research. Activities such as lectures, assignments and tests etc.

Financial constraint:  The researcher had to go for various research to get materials needed for this work but due to financial constraints, the researcher was unable to go too far to get the materials. Also, the researcher needed to buy some vital printed materials, transport herself to various libraries in Kaduna town but due tot financial constraint, the researcher was unable. This factor limited me for giving my best. But despite those short coming the research was able to overcome the limitations by getting some materials necessary to accomplish the objectives and make the research work a reality.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

In this essay it is only NACRDB which the full meaning in the Nigerian agricultural cooperative and rural development bank

Credit: The provision of money, goods or services with the expectation of future payment i.e. long-term also money, goods or services provided.

Administration: The execution of public affairs as distinguished from policy making.

Debt: Is the credit received by a borrower from a prime lender who may be a formed or informal financial institutions.

Asset: The entire properly of a person, association, corporation, or estate applicable or subject to the payment of debts.

Collateral: Parallel, coordinate, or corresponding in position order, time or significance.

Liability: Something for which one is liable especially pecuniary obligation.

Economic development: The process whereby simple, low income national economies are transformed into modern industrial economies.

Bad debt: Are debt that are doubtful of recovery

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION

Financial institutions serves as an intermediary between the source of fund and its users for productive or personal purpose. Especially it is a temporary depository of excess fund of individual, private enterprises and government parastatals from which loan are granted to borrowers.

Hutchison D. (2001) “Side financial institutions in business is considered to be a business based on trust, viz money entrusted for safe-keeping or protection and for immediate demand as the need arise”.

It has become the responsibility of government, to watch closely the operations of these institutions for the interest of the depositor.

Moreover, to assist in this function, several provisions in the commercial banking law and other policies issued by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) are considered, additional protection to the public fund.

Duggau (Governor of Agricultural in farm credit Administration U.S.A) and Ralph U. Battle (Assist. Chief Economic and Research division) in their book “Financing the farm business” gave some useful information on how credit loan can be obtain and the way which the borrower can repay either by installments or liquidate the same borrowed from the bank on the so called repayment at a time.

         

Akpog Hor (1984)  stated that agricultural development is first act of a human problem if all farmers have access to production, inputs, but because most of our farmers lack reacts to these condition they therefore, lack both the resources.  A small scale farmers could thus be defined as such conglomerate of small scale farmers normally constitutes the cooperative.

Abo-Ola Ifayes (1990) said that in developing economies like ours, the small at all dept to the nature of their farm operation.

Although the pleasant farmers have been commended for their efficient ability of resources usage they never the less have prior showing coverage that the availability of to her resources such as land capital and technology to our peasant farmer.

A lecture delivered by Mr. N.I.D Oninatus (Read) Dec. 11th -14th (1989) is of the belief that capital loans are term in nature and are usually required to finance fixed assets such as land, construction of farm building, purchase of agricultural machinery, plant and equipment purpose of livestock for other development purpose which bring about changes in their physical and financial assets of the farmers.

Presented by Adesina (1977) on the roleof NACDB in agricultural and marketing financing with reference to small scale farmers and crops societies reminded that agricultural is a broaden term which includes ventures such as available forestry, fisheries, poultry and livestock in general.  The significance of this is that small scale farmers have to be dynamic to rise to the challenges. This can be achieved by farmers organizing themselves into coops societies because the coops societies has been adjoined to be one of the ways of achieving more efficient results in agricultural  production.

Adesina (1977) on  his topic the need for credit stated that is has been long recognized that in developing economic like rural areas, the small scale farmers who use mentioned earlier product, produce about 90% of our agricultural output have little or no savings at all, unlike to the nature of their farm operation.

General Babangida (1988) while speaking at the launching of National Agricultural policy in Lagos said, other factors responsible for the failure of agricultural policies are poor implementation as well as defined institutional arrangements.  Cooperative news (vol 4 No. 8) in  its editorial said considering its vast membership, farmers cooperative have special potentials for agricultural revolution in Nigeria, therefore, to be undermine, the potentials of cooperatives in agricultural programme is certainly a costly ventures.

In 1974 all such farmers were estimated to make up about 94% for about 28 million holdings of al farm holding in Nigeria the remaining 6% (or about 1.7 million holding of all holding was estimated to be large scale. Today the farmers population in Nigeria is estimated to about fifteen (15) million with average farm of 1.2 hectares, unfortunately, the majority of these farmers are peasants of small scale farmers still relying much on their fragmented and small size farmers.

Okories (1976) on potentials of using traditional rulers as loan guarantors for small holder farmers in Nigeria, said that lack of production credit is generally recognized as important in expanding food production and modernizing agriculture especially among  the small holder farmer, experience in Nigeria also has shown that unless production credit is made available on suitable farms, majority of small farmers will be seriously handicapped in adopting profitable technology.  Most of the agricultural cooperative have been meager internal resources viz share capital reserves and deposits. This position will remain so. For some years to come the NACRDB and other banks should rationalize their loan their loan policy and procedure and grand credit to NACMO and the distribution of agro-inputs, marketing fo crops against pledges, it is expected that the bank in Nigeria also take a positive view in this direction and help agricultural coops effectively to undertake production and marketing so as to accelerate the agricultural  production process.

Igan (1989) On credit delivered to small scale fisheries stated that small scale fisheries required more than input delivery and infrastructures programmes design and management of an appropriate loan and credit scheme for effective input delivery system to develop small scale fisheries.

Again M.B Akakiye (1992) on livestock unit stated that livestock credit unit (L.C.U) is a unit carved for operations in department of the second livestock development project (S.C.P.O) a world bank assisted programme.  Ajakaiye (1990) speaking extensively on the problems besetting agricultural lending in the country said, it was doubtful it any programmes could be more difficult to operates successfully than the administration of loans to agriculture especially to the small scale farmers.  This not withstanding- NARCDB has over the years liberalized the loan conditions for small scale farmers but not without what he described as its attendant problems prominent among these problem according to him, the fact that the bank is now other problems included earth of farm inputs and cooperatives bodies through which the bank finds could be channeled to members who were small scale farmers. These later problems he said has necessitate the banks use of the method of outgrows scheme as an alternative to reach a large number of farmers.  The visible solution lies on in the formation of more cooperative societies and or consolidating farming groups or association through which agricultural financing institutions such as commercial and merchant banks and the Nigeria Agricultural and Cooperative bank reach the small borrow sector. 

This chapter aimed at reviewing what other writers or experts, educationalist and other reliable sources have side about Nigeria Agricultural cooperative and Rural Development Bank (NACRDB) and individual comments and opinions with regards to the role (NACRDB) play in improving agricultural productivity. The main objective here is to look at the relationship of these writers with research topic. This expert views are presented in this chapter to serve as eye opener for the benefit of large group of people and the progress of economic.

Farmer’s cooperative is a way by which farmer group themselves through portion of land for farming purposes for the attainment of self goals one of the writers on the topic is Dr Onuha (2003) who wrote in his book “consumer and producer cooperatives” according to him, he stated that “nevertheless since the creation of the state of Israel in 1948 delegate from Asia and African countries have gone to Israel every year to study his cooperative achievement. They were highly impressed, the Kibbutzim type is yet a dream in African Dr. Onuha is right since that was obtain in Israel as far as cooperative farming is concerned it has been far from being reached in Asia and some parts of Africa, this is because of the long years of cooperative establishment which indicates that little success has been recorded. However, in Israel Udo was of the view that this is the only country in the world as at date that has been accepted and provide by many to be the place in which a comprehensive cooperative agricultural system was created on a voluntary basis.

The Israel Kibbutzim for instance is aided to represent the only perfect integrated all embracing cooperative to be found any where in the world therefore, in other countries today, more than cooperative settlement are found with a membership of ten thousand in which very details of production, consumption, marketing, distribution, living comfort as well as education and health are handled collectively.

One point of view that is how cooperative farming societies should look like generally, though even the Rochdale equitable society of pioneer succeeded by applying and practicing well organized system of education setting higher standard of living comforts trade and distribution.

Further according to Waiter (2001) stated in his book called “cooperation in Israel in the world. He was of the view that the fundamental ideal inspiring the Zionist colonization effort sale trade and commerce to agriculture for instance, in the Israel Kibbutzin membership can apply through the committee members. More over wages are totally unknown and hired labour is about four thousand people engaged on self employment and mutual and this had been in existence for more than fifty years and later, its membership has grown up to 95% and the numbers of their farm implement has grown high too. This really indicate the interest on the part of their nation and ready to supply inputs as required to present disappointment as long as target asset to be accomplished.

Back to Nigeria modern cooperation can be traced to the activities of cocoa farmers in western region around the 1920’s cocoa farmers organized themselves into cocoa farmers association for example, we have Ibadan Planter Association, their sole aim was to market cocoa for export their activities contained in an uncoordinated manner unit 1928 when it collapsed due to mismanagement. Around 1930 the department of agriculture began to organize cocoa farmers again around Ibadan and Abeokuta into groups the objective is being to enable this farmer market their product at better price and to produce better quality cocoa. It should be noted that the bulk of the cocoa produce was for export trade to Britain and other European countries. It was against this background that the formation or cocoa sales association spread through the western provinces.

The association thus recorded success both on the quality and quantity of their product under the control and supervision of the department of agricultures. In December 1933 the colonial government of Nigeria commissioned Mr. C.F Strickland a cooperate expert who had worked in India to study and reparation the feasibility of introducing cooperative societies in Nigeria.

2.1     MEANING OF NACRDB

The full meaning of above alphabetic NACRDB is Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank coming for the purpose of promotion agriculture production and rural development and also improved the income and the quality of life of Nigeria’s rural population in carrying out these projects the bank finance mainly direct agricultural production, produce, marketing and agro allied projects. More so, the organization and management of Nigeria Agricultural Cooperative and Rural direction of the banks responsibility of a board of director usually appointed by six (6) president in council, the day to day running of the affairs at the bank is the responsibility of two (2) committees and executive committee and management committee. Both committees are headed by the managing director and chief executive.

The operation of the bank is carried out at the head, office, zonal office and branch officers. In carrying out its activities the bank is organized into directorate each directorate is headed by an executive director who oversees the operation of departments under him, the departments are headed by General Managers. Each department is also further into division and sections, the executive director (operations) is also assisted in the Head office by coordinators.

THE ASPECT OF NACRDB

Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development bank was based on the policy of it to reach its clients through both direct and indirect lending, providing that the bank will not lend to proxies.

Direct lending policies under this scheme, the bank deals through an on lending intermediary the following provision apply.

Loan are granted against acceptable and adequate security. Some of which may be located outside the project site.

Only viable and profitable projects will qualify for assistance.

Promoters must have adequate financial stats in their project and they must be of good character and standing in the society.

Short medium and long term are granted subject to a minimum of 15 years.

Emphasis on types of projects financial shall be in accordance with the national agricultural policy

Floating interest rate is charged in accordance with the central bank credit lenders form time to time.

Loan beneficiaries shall be both non-cooperate and corporate bodies with necessary and sufficient legal status.

On Lending Policies

It is a policy of NACRDB to use the indirect routine to reach the small scale farmers. Under this scheme the bank lends to establish institutions which in turn lend to small scale farmers. These institution include state government and their agencies, cooperation and agricultural development projects.

The on lending institutions are referred to have an organizational structure capable of carrying the functions efficiently on lending loans are granted against adequate and acceptable security.

Loan Decision Processes

An issue discussed by Thierauf R. (2001) in this section includes RAAC, industry study, credit structuring and the approval process.

The Risk Asset Acceptance Criteria (RAAC) defined the type of risk the finance company is willing to take, on whom, for how long, at what price and on what terms. It also sets the obligor limits for sectors and defines the pricing mechanism in credit decision process.

The need for industry studies and KYC (Know Your Customers) issues before approval of credit were highly emphasized.

The remedial sanction in case of default includes Restructuring, Litigation, receivership, bankruptcy and recoveries desks.

The watchword in Loan/ Credit decision process is said to be “Give the size of loan you can afford to lose”.

Loans are disbursed installmentally in cash and in kinds

The bank reserves the right to with held further disbursements have not been judiciously used.

Generally, loans are not disbursed after the loan periods have expired.

Loan Recovery Policies

Accelerated repayment of loan is allowed

Due amount shall be collected within 14 days.

All legal and reasonable means shall be employed to recover amount since default including the use of auctioneers, debt collectors, special tribunals and litigation.

Loans may be called on proven diversion of funds

Only the board of directors can write off a debt as bad.

Debts can be rescheduled to facilities repayment of Nigerian rural population in carrying out these objectives, the bank finance mainly direct agricultural production.

SUMMARY

In summary, this chapter consists of literature review on Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank Ltd and introduction, the year of establishment and the day that they started operation in Nigeria. So also, it constitute of the meaning of Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank that is (NACRDB).

More so, it talked about the aspect of (NACRDB) the function, why? It is necessary to know in summary the problems of (NACRDB) such as loan recovery from the debtors etc.

CHAPTER THREE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

This essay examined the problems of loan recovery in Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank

The writer made some attempt to advance some likely reasons for the poor recovery performance of the agricultural loans and the effect this could have on the bank operation and agricultural production in general, some of these reason are been attributed to;

The negative culture, social and political attitude of Nigerian farmer toward government funds. Most of the borrowers directed the loan, perhaps in the mistaken belief that it constitute their share of the national cake which where not to be fund.

Long delay in loan disbursement after approval

Lack of appropriate saving facilities in the rural area.

Inadequacy of well trained loan officials to accurately service the prospective to loan applicants and subsequently service the loan.

Inadequate security to serve an insurance against loan default.

Transportation system from rural to urban areas effect greatly as they could not have access road to transport their product to urban areas (rural infrastructure).

Poor storage facilities make farmer to sell their harvest at a given away price.

Absentee farmers, same beneficiaries neglected or abandoned their farm for more attractive jobs such as distributive which were sought.

Furthermore, their bank areas affected by no recovery include bank assets liquidation to profit and loanable fund. The poor recovery endangers the viability of agricultural credit programmes and reduce the available of credit to gather potential borrowers.

CONCLUSION

The writer has come to conclusion that non-recovery of agricultural loan are caused mainly by two broadly related problems they are the farmers problem and bank/government related problems.

Among the behaviours of farmers which includes;

Absentee farmers who abandoned their farm for contract work or urban job.

Some farmers regard loans as their own shares of the national cake when such person/borrowers deliberately direct the funds to other non agricultural activities and avoid meeting officials of the agricultural loan in by small scale farm, it is however, worth to make some specific recommendation aimed at reducing the effects of this problems on the bank operations, farmers loss and ensuring sustained supply of loanable fund to the sector. The writer therefore, wishes to make the following recommendations

Education of Farmers/Borrowers: Education here is not basically to teach the farmer to read and write, but to educate the on the techniques of good farm management including the keeping and use of good farm records. It should also enlighten them on the use of fullness of adoption and the use of an improved farming techniques and explain the wise use of credit.

The farmers should also be enlightened about the importance of NACRDB agricultural insurance scheme so that they will see the need to ensure their farms against unforeseen occurrences, which are likely to come in the future.

Need for Intensive Pre-Loan Analysis: More honest, intensive pre-loan analysis is needed to ascertain the managerial and financial ability of the farm, borrower viability and recovery capacity of the proposed project. It will also ensure that loan size arrived at considered with the farmers needs this particularly important for proposals requiring terms loans (which recorded a very recovery performance) because a considerable portion of the loan bale funds are tied down for a longer period than ease with short term loans. NACRDB training centers should be made, designed and after intensive courses in project appraised and evaluation techniques and recovery control for banks lending officer.

In most cases, farmers particularly illiterate farmer who operate small holding and unable to articulate the need clearly. They do not keep roper proper record with the result that even produces cannot determine “optimum level of operation”

Farmers usually lack collateral securities demanded by banks for large loans.

Bank/Government Relates Problems

Lack of insufficient number of trained agricultural credit officers who can effectively monitor the activities of borrowers.

Farmers complained that funds are not disbursed in time, of that is before planting season.

The extension services provided by some state ministry of agricultural is ineffective.

Central government policies on inputs have often been inconsistent and more often than not have hampered the achievement of self-sufficiency in food production.

The politicized of credit facilities to farmers particularly those rural by state ministries were the salutary effect or encouraging deliberate default borrowers. On the whole scheme has been beneficial to the economy as the resulting investment in agricultural has led to man output and employment but the loan recovery performance by the beneficiaries has been very poor.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In order to reduces the problems for non-recovery to farmer’s insurance scheme. The importance of farmer scheme is very vital. A common cause of non-recovery will compensate a farmer for loss and reduce the bank’s risks of not having its loan recovery. The risk covered under the scheme should be purely farmers less due to natural calamities and other accidents such as bush fire NACRDB should insist that a farmers seeking a big loan on long term basic should  insure his farm under the scheme.

Uses of Cooperatives Societies: NACRDB lends to cooperatives society which in turn lends to its members top recovery when the loan is due and parable. This can be made easier if the society liters marketing of farm product of its members with recovery of the lend sum.

With this collection cost is minimized the bank should therefore intensify and encourage the formation of bank more cooperative societies, if possible the bank should make it a rule.

REFERENCES

Akimilowa D. (2002); The value of Supervised Credit Cooperation in Western Nigeria. Processing Western Nigeria Public Service pg 2

Adegeyo & Dittol J.S (2000); Essential of Aggricultural Economic, Published by Card Unibadan. Pg 152

Adesina S.A (2002) “Role of NACRDB in agricultural Marketing Financial with reference to small scale farmers and cooperative”  Management venture Publishers Ibadan.  

Benz G.V (2000): International Trade Credit Management A22- Country survey of effective Credit Practice. Government Press

Hutchinson H.D (2001): Money Banking and United State Economy 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hall

Muller L. F. (1999) Agricultural Credit and Finance in African Pg 1.

Sola Isola (2001) “The Prospect of  Cooperative In Nigeria agenda”. Publishers Ventures Nigeria Ltd Enugu.

Abe S. I (2004); News from CBN Bull on Vol. 7 No. 4 Pg 34

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