THE USE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTE AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL TO ENHANCE DECISION MAKING. (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT AGENCY) (NAMA)
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THE USE OF
ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTE AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL TO ENHANCE DECISION MAKING.
(A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT AGENCY) (NAMA)
ABSTRACT
Accounting
Information is aimed at ensuring a maximum amount of information is available
to the users that will enable them take meaningful decision regarding their
interest in a reporting entity.
The rational
behind the proposal is the fact that the importance, use and the need for
accounting information is boldly written on the entire sectors of the economy
without which it cannot stand. As one of the most important sectors of the
economy Aviating sector has been chosen as a case study of this research work.
I have
decided to take a holistic look into the accounting procedure and processes
involved in generating accounting information in the Nigeria Airspace
Management Agency (NAMA) and the roles these accounting information play in the
respective decision of the Agency.
TABLE OF
CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE:
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Back to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problems
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Relevance of the Study
1.5 Scope of Research work
1.6 Limitation of the Study
1.6 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Brief History of NAMA
2.2 The Role of Management Accountant in
Decision Making
2.2 Nature, Merits and Limitations of Ratios
as Tool for Decision Interpretation
2.4 Accounting Information System
2.5 Characteristics and Usefulness of
Accounting Information
2.6 Users of Accounting Information
2.7 Types of Accounting Information
2.8 The GAAP Provisions Concerning Accounting
Information System.
2.9 The Accounting Information System (AIS)
as a Tool to Enhance Decision Making.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Primary Data
3.2 Secondary Data
3.3 Determination of Population
3.4 Population
3.5 Data Collection Method
3.6 Question Design
3.7 Relevance of Work
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION OF DATA, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Age Distribution of Respondents
4.3 Distribution of Respondents by Marital
Status
4.4 Qualification of Respondents
4.5 Research Questions
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCISION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Accounting
is the presentation of a systematically developed and accurately recorded
financial report about an entity engaged in economic activity to the users of
such reports. The experts that provide the reports are known as Accountants.
Apart from
the provision of reports, the accountants also interpret and analyze reports
provided in order to assist those who use the output of the interpretation and
analysis for meeting their various needs. When accountants perform the above
stated functions, it IS described as practicing accountancy profession. Thus,
the entire effort of an accountant is aimed at enhancing decision making m any
organization or business environment.
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
At each
stage of development of man accounting records have been developed according to
the needs at that time. The records are so developed and used in enumeration
and control of assets, as reporting device for stewardship and the collections,
as evidence of trade and for the control of production or the management of
business.
From the
earliest time, the process of levying and collection of taxes by government
called for proper record keeping and report. Such accounting records prepared
by Tax collectors served as a basis to reinforce business need for accounting
systems and controls.
The
development of social life especially the formation of states or sovereignties
and levying of taxes necessitated in addition to the knowledge of number, a
power of holdings, counting's and recording in this we find the origin of
science in accounting.
Early
civilization shows that the Babylonian business men recorded their sales and
money lending some thousand years ago in day tablets. Egyptians used papyr, to
describe the collections before 1000bc.
According to
Richards Brown. (yr) the History of Accounting and Accountant Volume 2, he
stated that Greek and Romans had well developed record keeping system
especially for government purposes. Emperor Augustus was said to have
instituted a governmental budget. Inspectors from the central government in Rome
were sent out to examine the accounts of provisional governors. The Grecian
also have their accounts engraved on stone and exposed in. public specimen,
such accounts are among the Elgin marbles in the British Museum. In Great
Britain, the earliest systems of accounting of which there is record are those
of exchequers of England and Scotland.
The oldest,
which has been preserved is the English pipe roll of 1130-1131.
From the
above, there are many existing records of early development of accounting not
mentioned, it is an evidence to show that so many accounting activities have
taken place in the past.
The modern
methodology of keeping accounting record began with the introduction of double
entry in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. This was the period of
rapid expansion of commerce and industry. Among the records based on the double
entry system to the book of a French form, the Fremes Bonis of Mortauben, which
were kept during the years 1345.
This form
the use of books to obtain a review of its position and made up a list of its
debtors and creditors. l.C.B Niclcerson reported in his book Accounting Hand
Book for Non-Accountants, that book has been preserved from 1297 belonging to
Riherio and Baldo Fini in which accounts were opened not only for personal, but
for things and two classes were debited and credited vice versa in regular
fashion. The book keeping records in this period were in the rudimentary stage
without any definite period of balancing.
In some
certain situations, the account are not even kept in the monetary unit for
example, it was reported that in sleveterly loccite page 309 that firemes Banis
opened an account in 19th December 1345 and records were continued in this
account without intermission to the 11th December 1358, debit and credits were
also by no means separated by often place one below the other as they occur.
Finally,
there were no attempt to balance and in some cases the accounts were not even
kept in the same monetary unit.
The records
that brings out complete double entry system in account is the one discovered
in Genwa in the year 1340 in accounts of the stewards to the Local authority.
The date when this entry actually commenced could not be determined. Another
records in Genoa kept on double entry system is that preserved in Venice. These
records belong to traders, neither bankers and stewards of Local authorities.
The records
of the Merchant of vernice can be described as complete since every debit has a
corresponding credit and profit or loss account is even transferred to capital
account.
This period
was 1416-1440. It was from this venice that the first treatise on the subject
was given to the world in 1494 by "Luca Paciolo" who was one of the
most celebrated mathematician of his days. The purpose of the work was not in
the first place to give instructions in book-keeping, but to summarize the
existing knowledge of mathematics. However, he brought an end to the works by
coding the treatise of bookkeeping.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
A critical
examination of the management process shows that management is into business
for the purpose of maximization of profit.
This can be
achieved when decisions made by managers of the business are channeled towards
the following areas.
Investment decision
Sources of fund decision
Dividend policy decision.
The future
destiny of an organization is planned and controlled by management. When good
decisions are made through the use of accounting information at the end of this
research work, the following problems must be critically analyzed.
Can good management contrive realistic ways
to achieve the company's or business objective without accounting as a basis
for management decision making tool?
Can management manipulate the controllable
variables and plan for the non-controllable variables without accounting as a
basis of enhancing decision-making?
How proactive are the decisions of
management/managers without accounting as a basis for management decision
making tool?
Can we measure the performance of managers
by planning and decision making which determines management competence without
taking into consideration the accounting system as a tool to enhance decision
making in any organization.
All these
will serve as our statement of problem in this research work.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Accounting
information is a tool to enhance decision making in all human endeavors. It
plays a key role in management, management function and management processes.
Organizations
cannot achieve their optimum output, wealth creation and wealth maximization
without effective decision making tool.
The
objectives of this research will be as follows:
Understanding decision making process as it
relates to:
i. Identifying objections of an
organization.
ii. Searching for alternative courses of
action.
iii. Gathering data about alternatives.
iv. Selecting alternative courses of action
v. Implementing the decision
vi. Comparing actual and planned out comes
vii.
Responding to divergence from plan
Understanding conceptual view of management
role through the use of accounting tools.
Understanding the use of accounting tool
performance evaluation.
Understanding the roles of accounting
information as a tool for decision making under condition of risk and
uncertainly.
To established the relationship between
the accounting information system in NAMA with decision made base on accounting
information have yield any positive result in time past.
1.4 RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY
This
research work will be focusing on how effective and profitable decisions can be
made through the accounting tools and accounting knowledge.
The research
work will assist in the following areas.
Planning
Organization
Staffing and human resource management
Leading and interpersonal influence
Budgeting
Forecasting and
investment
1.5 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
The scope of
the research work will be based on the decision making by management of
organization, which will be limited to our case study (NAMA) management
decision art across different levels of organizational hierarchy.
The research
work shall be limited to the different levels like lead of departments, head of
units, sectional heads, group heads and regional heads of NAMA. This research
work shall also be extended to decision making areas like:
Capital budgeting decisions
Cost decisions
Budgeting and budgeting control decisions
Inventory control decisions
Performance evaluation decisions
Pricing decision and
Profit analysis decision.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The major
problems which served as limits to the extent of this research work were as
follow:
The entire branches of NAMA in the country
could not be visited due to financial and time constraints.
The concerned offices were not willing to
give adequate responses to the research questions.
Relevant data available were not be
sufficient enough for the purpose of the research.
The researcher is financially
constrained, this limit the extent of the research works to that which is
affordable.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Some of the
terminologies the research will contain are:
The
directorates of NAMA:
Directorate of Human Resources (DHR)
Directorate of Finance (D()F)
Directorate of Air Traffic Service
(DATS)
Directorate of Electronics Services (DSES)
Directorate of Corporate .Affairs /
Legal (DCALS)
Directorate of Aeronautical Information
(DAIS)
Directorate of Commercial and Big
Developments (DCBD) etc.
Management:
A social process entailing responsibility for the effective and economic
planning and regulation of the operation of an Organization in fulfillment of a
given purpose or task.
Accounting:
1s the process of identifying measuring and communicating economic information
to assist the users in making judgments and decisions.
Management
Process: Is a set of inter-departmental activities used by management of an
entity of execute the functions of management which includes planning,
organizing, staffmg, heading and controlling.
Management
control: Is a proves by which managers ensure that resources are obtained and
used effectively in the achievement of the organizational goal.
Strategic
Planning: The process of deciding on objectives of the organization on changes
in the objectives and on the policies that is to govern the acquisition use and
disposition of these resources.
Operational
control: The process of pursuing that specific tasks are carried out
effectively and efficiently. This will also represent the pre-occupation of the
low management cadre. Corporate Strategy: Is a long term plan which looks into
what the organization intends to achieve and the means or resources regard to
achieve them.
Business
strategy: This is concerned with decision about how to compete in a particular
market. This therefore likely to focus on individual unit i.e. product or
market within the organization.
Operational
strategies: These are concerned with how different functions of the
organization like marketing manufacturing, accounting operate.
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