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IDENTIFICATION OF THE PHYTOCHEMICALS
FROM ACACIA SIEBERIANA (DC) SEEDS
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract
Table of
content
Abbreviations,
Symbols and Glossaries
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Traditional medicine
1.2 Plants in traditional medicine
1.3 Medicinal plants as antibacterial agents
1.4 Statement of Research Problem
1.5 Justification
1.6 Aims and Objectives
1.7 Hypothesis
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Botanical description of fabaceae
2.1.1 Economic and medicinal importance of
fabaceae
2.1.2 Reported phytochemical constituents of
fabaceae
2.2 Botanical description of genus Acacia
2.2.1 Economic importance of Acacia species
2.2.2 Reported Phytochemical Constituents of Acacia
species
2.3 Botanical description of Acacia sieberiana
2.3.1 Economic and medicinal importance of Acacia
sieberiana
2.3.2 Reported phytochemical constituents of
Acacia sieberiana
2.3 Enteric Bacteria
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Materials, Solvents and Reagents
3.1.1 Materials
3.1.2 Solvents
3.1.3 Reagents
3.2 Collection and Identification of A.
sieberiana
3.3 Preparation of A. sieberiana
3.4 Determination of Botanical Features and
Physical Constants A. sieberiana Stem Bark
3.4.1 Microscopical studies of the stem bark
3.4.2 Chemomicroscopical studies of the stem bark
3.4.3 Physical constants determination of the
stem bark
3.5 Screening of Phytochemical Constituents
of A. sieberiana Stem Bark
3.5.1 Extraction of the plant stem bark
3.5.2 Preliminary phytochemical studies of the
hexane and methanol extracts of the stem bark
3.5.3 Thin layer chromatography of the hexane
extract
3.5.4 Column chromatography of the hexane extract
3.6 Determination of
Margin of Safety
of A. sieberiana
Stem Bark Extracts
3.6.1 Acute toxicity (LD50)
3.7 Determination of Antibacterial Studies
of A. sieberiana Stem Bark against Some Enteric Bacteria
3.7.1 Bacterial isolates
3.7.2 Preparation of stock solution
3.7.3 Preparation of media for bacterial growth
3.7.4 Mc-Farland 0.5 barium sulphate turbidity
standard
3.7.5 Determination of zones of inhibition for
Fraction AS1, hexane and methanol extracts from A. sieberiana
3.7.6 Determination of minimum inhibitory
concentration of Fraction AS1, hexane and methanol extracts from A. sieberiana
3.7.7 Determination of minimum bactericidal
concentration of Fraction AS1, hexane and methanol extracts from A. sieberiana
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Determination of Botanical Features and
Physical Constants of A. sieberiana Stem Bark
4.1.1 Microscopical Studies of the Stem Bark
4.1.2 Chemo microscopical Studies of the Stem
Bark
4.1.3 Physical Constants Determination of the
Stem Bark
4.2 Screening of Phytochemical Constituents
of A. sieberiana Stem Bark
4.2.1 Extraction of the stem bark
4.2.2 Preliminary phytochemical studies of the
stem bark
4.2.3 Thin-Layer Chromatographic studies of
hexane extract from A. sieberiana
4.2.4 Column chromatography of hexane extract
from A. sieberiana
4.3 Margin of Safety of A. sieberiana Stem
Bark Extracts
4.3.1 Acute toxicity study (LD50) of the stem
bark extracts
4.4 Determination of Antibacterial Studies
of A. sieberiana Stem Bark Extracts against Some Enteric Bacteria
4.4.1 Zones of inhibition of Fraction AS1, hexane
and methanol extracts from A. sieberiana against some enteric bacteria
4.4.2 Minimum inhibitory concentration of
Fraction AS1, hexane and methanol extract from A. sieberiana against some
enteric bacteria
4.4.4 Minimum bactericidal concentration of
Fraction AS1, hexane and methanol extract from A. sieberiana against some
enteric bacteria
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
ABSTRACT
Acacia
sieberiana var. Woodii (Fabaceae) is traditionally used as a remedy for stomach
aches and ulcers among some localities in Northern Nigeria. The plant was
investigated sequel to the reports of its ethnomedicine uses in the management
of stomach ache and ulcers. Anatomical and physical constants studies were
carried out using standard procedures. Phytochemical (preliminary studies, thin
layer and column chromatography) were also carried out on the hexane and
methanol extracts. Toxicity and antibacterial studies of the hexane and
methanol extracts, and the isolated compound were investigated. The
microscopical studies revealed the presence of cellulose cell wall, lignified
and suberized cell walls, tannins and calcium crystals. Anatomical features
identified in the stem bark consist of epidermis, phellogen, phelloderm, and
cortex. The percentage moisture content and ash values were observed to be 9.0%
and 10.5% respectively. Water extractive value was 1.2% while ethanol
extractive value was 1.6%.The preliminary phytochemical studies as well as the
TLC chromatogram of the hexane extract revealed the presence of steroids and
triterpenes while the methanol extract contains tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids,
steroids and triterpenes. Fraction AS1collected through column chromatography
was suggested to be a hydrocarbon on the basis of its colourless and oily
nature. The acute toxicity study carried out indicated that the hexane extract
was slightly toxic while the methanol extract was moderately toxic. Antibacterial
studies of the stem bark carried out showed zones of inhibition between 16 to
27 mm for the hexane and methanol extracts against Helicobacter pylori,
Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and
Shigella
dysenteriae. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum
bactericidal concentration (MBC) were between the range of 2.5 and 10 mg/ml and
5.0 to 20 mg/ml respectively. Fraction AS1 exerted a dimension of zones of
inhibition between 26 to 30 mm against all the bacterial strains except S.
typhi. It was also able to exert MIC and MBC against E. coli and H. pylori at
12.5 and 25µg/ml respectively, while it had MIC and MBC at the lowest
concentrations of 6.25 and 12.5 µg/ml against S. dysenteriae. Results of the
present studies had shown that A. sieberiana and fraction AS1 collected from
this plant have wide antibacterial property.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Traditional Medicine
Traditional
medicine can be said to be a comprehensive knowledge system that encompasses the
utilization of substances, dosages and practices based on socio-cultural norms
and religious beliefs as well as witnessed experiences and observations of a
specific group (Tom et al., 2008). The practice is used in various therapies by
the indigenous population all over the world. It has been documented that about
80% of the people in developing countries rely on traditional medicines for
their primary health care need, which can be attributed to increased poverty,
ignorance as well as unavailability of modern health facilities (Omonike, 2010;
Christiana et al., 2012).
1.2 Plants in Traditional Medicine
Plant based
traditional remedies are the oldest forms of health care delivery known to
mankind and it has been used in all cultures throughout history. Plants have
been used as early as 5000-4000BC in different parts of the world for the
treatment of various ailments (Nyananyo and Akada, 2011; Kunle et al., 2012). A
vast knowledge on how to use these plants against diseases may be expected to
have accumulated in areas where the use of these plants is of great importance.
The knowledge of these plants was developed gradually as it passed from
generation to generation and has laid foundation of many health care systems
all over the world (Azmatullah et al., 2011; Kunle et al., 2012).......
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