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IMPACT OF TOURISM AND
MANAGEMENT ON SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT A STUDY OF OLUMO ROCK
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
In 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit, 178 governments approved
Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration. Agenda 21 offered a blueprint for
sustainable development, while the Rio Declaration articulated the main
principles for sustainable development in the 21st century. Both documents
challenged organizations, governments and industries to work towards maximum
levels of sustainability, a number of countries in Africa and the Pacific
consider tourism to be an important vehicle for economic and social
development. The tourism industry has the potential to generate foreign
exchange earnings, create employment, promote development in various parts of
the country, reduce income and employment disparities among regions, strengthen
linkages among many sectors of the national economy and help to alleviate
poverty. However, this standard view of the tourism industry does not give a
complete picture of the potential contribution that tourism can provide for
developing countries. A more complete viewpoint can be provided by the concept
of sustainable tourism development, because it can help policy-makers make more
effective policies and plans designed to realize the full social and economic
potential of the tourism industry. Sustainable tourism development is premised
on the responsibility of governments and all stakeholders in the tourism sector
to ensure that long-term prosperity and the quality of life of future
generations is not placed at risk.
In order to sustain tourism, it is necessary for countries to
address various issues arising from tourism’s contribution to development in a
comprehensive, systematic way. Issues of policy-making, planning, management
and the participation of the private sector and other stakeholders must be
addressed in terms of opportunities for action and possible constraints that
need to be overcome by concerted efforts.
Tourism plays important role in economic development at any
community, national, regional and global levels by using natural resources and
environments as key physical inputs. In making use of the environment and
natural resources, the negative impacts have to be minimized to assure
sustainable use, as well as generate enough tourism revenue to reinvest a
certain portion of funds. The reinvestment should aim at enhancing the quality of
the resources and build the management capacity at various levels. There is a
complex relationship between tourism and the environment, such that tourism has
inevitable and important environmental impacts, including: resource use,
consumption, waste, pollution and effects from tourism-related transport. At
the same time, beaches, mountains, rivers, forests and diverse flora and fauna
make the environment a basic resource that the tourism industry needs in order
to thrive and grow. While the viability of tourism could be threatened by
negative environmental impacts, tourism could also contribute significantly to
environmental protection.
1.1 Background of
the Study
Sustainable Development has become an accepted concept for
policy development. International Agencies and Organizations like the World
Tourism and Travel Council (WWTC) and the International Federation of Tour
Operators (IFTO) have attempted to highlight tourism- environment issues. In
1993, the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) published a Guide for sustainable
development for local planners. UNEP, in collaboration with the International
Hotels Environment Initiative has produced guidelines to improve the
environmental performance of hotel units (The Green Hotelier, Going Green Makes
Sense, Environmental Management for Hotels). The Convention for Biodiversity
and Agenda 21 support incentives towards sustainable tourism development.
The European Commission has published the Green Paper on the
Role of the Union in the field of Tourism. During 1995 and 1996 it established
ECONETT, a network for tourism and environment. Significant initiatives for
sustainable tourism were also undertaken by the Council of Europe. Because of
Treaty obligations, the EU's tourism sector cooperation with governments or private
business needed to include a consideration of the environmental effects of each
planned action. Within this context the private sector also undertook
initiatives towards reducing impacts of tourism on the environment.
Hotels, airlines and others implemented several measures in
order to promote sustainable consumption of natural resources and minimization
of waste production.
Travel over long distances requires a large amount of time
and/or energy. Generally this involves burning fossil fuels, a largely
unsustainable practice and one that contributes to climate change, via CO2
emissions. Mass transport is the most climate friendly method of travel, and
generally the rule is "the bigger the better" compared to cars, buses
are relatively more sustainable, and trains and ships are even more so. Human
energy and renewable energy are the most efficient, and hence, sustainable.
Travel by bicycle, solar powered car, or sailing boat produces no carbon
emissions (although the embodied energy in these vehicles generally comes at
the expense of carbon emission).
Tourism is a rapidly growing phenomenon and has become one of
the largest industries in the world. The impact of tourism is extremely varied.
On one hand, it plays an important and certainly positive role in the
socio-economic and political development in destination countries by, for
instance, offering new employment opportunities. Also, in certain instances, it
may contribute to a broader cultural understanding by creating awareness,
respecting the diversity of cultures and ways of life. On the other hand, as a
tool to create jobs, it has not fulfilled its expectations. At the same time,
complaints from tourist destinations concerning massive negative impacts upon
environment, culture and residents‟ ways of life have given rise to a demand
for a more sustainable development in tourism. Different parties will have to
be involved in the process of developing sustainable tourism(UNCSD NGO,1999).
Tourism development can have both positive and negative
impacts on destinations. Sustainable tourism development attempts to find a
balance between these impacts to create an improved quality of life for the
host community and the destination. The World Commission on Economic
Development (WCED) describes sustainable development as “development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the abilityof future generations
to meet their own needs”. This session further describes some of the principles
that havebeen proposed to ensure that the tourism industry of the future is
characterized by rewarding and sustainabletravel experiences(WCED, 1987).
1.2 Statement of
Problem
In the past decade, tourism has become the largest and most
lucrative industry worldwide in terms of employment and share of global gross
domestic product. The tourism industry has been growing rapidly as well as
changing at a fast pace, as more people are interested in spending leisure time
in nature, (ecotourism) it has become one of the fastest-growing segments of
the tourism industry. This creates opportunities in areas characterized by
natural attractions, wildlife and wilderness habitats. Local communities may
benefit in economic terms as well as create a commitment to conservation and
sustainable development.
At present, increased demands for ecotourism create pressure
on carrying capacity. Greater numbers of visitors makes it more likely that
habitats will be at risk and the wilderness and cultural heritage could be
ruined. For instance, in China they will encounter many challenges, because
they are ranked sixth worldwide in terms of tourist arrivals. In the next
twenty years, China is forecast to be the top tourist destination and the
fourth largest source of tourists in the world. This prospect for major tourism
growth in China makes it important to quickly consider the environmental and
social issues that are part of sustainable tourism development. Careful
planning and assessment are important parts of sustainable tourism development.
Officials responsible for national parks and other nature areas will have a
major responsibility for handling the challenges and deciding which
opportunities for tourism development can be sustained over the long term.
Local communities will also have to participate in planning and assessment when
culture and heritage are important parts of ecotourism. It has been noted that
the principles for ecotourism have not yet been firmly established in order to
guide planning and assessment. However, two basic principles of ecotourism that
have been identified are: (1) encourage conservation and (2) provide benefits
to the local populations. However they are certain tools that can be used to
help achieve balance, such as assessment of carrying capacity, finding the
limits of acceptable change and doing cost/benefit analysis. Tourism
policy-makers, planners and managers should consider these tools as helpful
only if they take a holistic, coordinated approach, especially since benefits
and costs in terms of sustainable tourism development are not easily defined in
monetary terms. Furthermore, measuring the success of tourism involving nature
(for example, national parks) and culture (for example, village-based tourism
like Olumo rock) should not just be based on number of visitors or amount of
income; rather measurement should include the length of stay, quality of the
experience and whether natural and cultural resources have been conserved.
Ecotourism can clearly create opportunities for spreading the economic benefits
of tourism to villages, remote areas and national parks, as long as the
government policy aims to have more tourism in these areas and the local people
have participated in the process. Along these lines, policy-makers should be
aware that smaller-scale business operators are more appropriate for activities
related to ecotourism and government policies need to support this level of
tourism services.
1.3 Objective of
the Study
This research work is set to explore on the impact of tourism
and management on sustainable tourism development with other objectives as
follows:
1. How to improve
the sustainability of tourist centers (Olumo rock) to be enjoyed by future
generations and how its long term survival must not be prejudiced by short-term
considerations.
2. How the
relationship between tourism and environment can be managed so that the
environment is sustainable in the long term.
3. Managing Olumo
rocktourism and development activities so as to give proper importance to the
nature and character of the place (Olumo rock) in which it is sited.
4. Highlight,
tourism and give recognition to it as a positive activity with a potential
benefit to the local community.
1.4 Research
Question
The research work is guided with same research question,
which will be administered and distributed among the researchers area of
study.The questions was carefully structured to gather information for better
understanding of the research work.
1. How is the
sustainability of Olumo rock managed for a long term survival of sustainable
development?
2. Is the
activities carried out at Olumo rock related or gives proper importance to the
nature of the tourist center?
3. Do you find
Olumo rock more interesting each time you visit it for the past years you have
known the tourist location?
4. What has been
the potential benefits of the Olumo rock to the local community?
1.5 Research
Hypothesis
The researcher formed some of the hypothesis which will be
tested to support this study. The hypothesis will be tested at 0.05 level of
significance using the chi-square method and percentage analysis.
The research hypothesis are as follows.
Hypothesis 1: there is a significance between tourism and
management to sustainable tourism development.
Hypothesis 2: long term survival of tourism is significantly
related to tourism and management.
Hypothesis 3: There is no significant value to tourism
location to sustainable tourism development.
1.6 Significance of
the Study
This research work highlights on the importance of tourism
and management as a means of sustainable tourism development.It is believed
that the findings of this research work should provide detailed information on
the how to manage tourist centers for a sustainable development and long term
survival. It is also expected that the study will benefit the hospitality
industries and management.
The research will also have a significance difference to the
researcher. This is because the study will expose the researcher to so many
related areas in the course of carrying out his research. This will enhance the
researcher’s experience, knowledge and understanding on tourism and management
for a sustainable development.
1.7 Limitation of
the Study
Due to time constrain, this research work should have covered
a whole festive period of the Olumo celebration, but was shorten, also this
research work is limited to the study of Olumo Rock and its surrounding
Abeokota along Ikeja road Ogun State of Nigeria. Also,
• Little
materials are also available because the work is relatively new.
• Financial
constrain poses another challenges.
1.8 Scope of the
Study
This research work is will be conducted with 180 respondents
and the analysis for the research work will employ the use of chi-square and
table percentage analysis. Also, work covered Olumo rock of Abeokota Ogunn
State, and all its activities. Finally, the whole of the research work was
conducted within a period of eight weeks.
1.9 Definition of
Terms
Sustainable tourism: is the concept of visiting a place as a
tourist and trying to make only a positive impact on the environment, society
and economy. Tourism can involve primary transportation to the general
location, local transportation, accommodations, entertainment, recreation,
nourishment and shopping.
Development: this a process of establishing or enhancing
something to a better place or point
Tourism: is travel for pleasure; also the theory and practice
of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining
tourists, and the business of operating tours.
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