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Population
Growth And Economic Development In Nigeria
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Over the
years if has become established that the existence of an efficient human
capital is the key to economic growth and development in any nation. This seems
from the fact that every other facility and resources required for economic
development is driven by the availability of human capital. More so, in the
absence of effective human capital development, an increasing population can
have adverse negative effect on the economic growth of a nation. This is
because a lot more resources are taken out to manage and cater for the teeming
population that the same can generate.
It is
therefore correct to state that the economic growth of a nation is
significantly dependent on the growth of its population. This effect or impact
can be either negative or positive depending at the existence of certain
factors and conditions, when studied and understood can be managed or
controlled to ensure continuous and sustainable economic growth and
development. Meier (1984).
Economic
development and growth depend on many factors or variables. These variables
include variable resources, capital, population and technology. Development is
also dependent on growth. Lipase (1963).
1
People have
often said to crucial to the development of every society. Growth in population
is one of the components of economic growth (wish the associated, although
delayed increase in the labour force) has traditionally been considered a
positive factor in stimulating economic growth and development. Lipase (1963).
The
relationship between economic development and the growth of population is
theoretically held to be positive especially when the population is largely
productive and not dependent. Increased economic growth does not by itself
guarantee economic development it makes economic development possible.
Havey
(1983). Economic growth enables improvements or positive changes to take place
in various of economic activity due to increased production of goods and
services. Larger population provide the need consumers demand to generate
favourable economies of scale in production to costs of labour force means more
productive man power in the economy.
The ability
for a country to effectively exploit natural resources is dependent on among
other things, the managerial and technical skills of its people. It is the
people who exploit natural resources, accurate capital and carry out national
political organizations and carry out national development programms. Thus,
labour is the major contributor to prosperity and growth. Tadaro, (1982).
2
According to
the theory of demographic transition growth occurs only after country would
have undergone different levels of population growth to arrive to an optimum
wide will naturally lead to growth.
A more
conventional economic argument is that population growth in many third world
countries a region is in-fact desirably to stimulate economic growth and
development.
This is not
a case in Nigeria; Nigeria is a less developed country and a highly populated
one at that, more so her growth rate has always been very low, compared with
the increase in population. This features of the nation is an cause for
concern.
During the
study, it is necessary to state that because development has no unit if
measurement and because of lack of reliable date on its components economic
growth will be used as a proxy for measuring development. This is because
economic growth is the one component from which other components spin off and
to which other components are related.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Growth is a
complex process as development is a multi dimensional one. The nature and
causes of growth go beyond what is expressed by improvement in Gross Domestic
Product.
3
Every
economics primary objective is to develop in the medium or intermediate, this
objective is stated as the need for growth. In the short run it is stated as
the need for growth to attain whatever improvement is necessary for growth. In
relation to this study the condition necessary for economics development and
growth is population growth while growth itself is a condition necessary for
development.
Population
growth is the rate of which a given population multiplies itself. The
population growth rate is as important to economists as the size of the
population. Governments and economists would like to know if the population is
growing faster or slower than the rates of other economic indicators.
Economics
growth refers to the study process by the productive capacity of the economy is
increased overtime to bring about increase in the output of goods
and services and
rising levels of
natio
The growth
in the output of goods and services (i.e growth in GDP). It is the process by
which national income or output is increased. An economy is said to be growing
if there is a sustained increase in the actual output of goods and service per
head. Meier GM (1984).
The rate of
economic growth therefore measures increase in real national income, during a
given period of time, usually a year.
4
Economic
development is not the same as economic growth. It means more than mere growth
of the economy (in terms of increased output) it is in the process of
increasing substantial positive transformation in the various sectors of the
economy. Meier GM (1984). The positive changes which take place improve the
general rise in the standard of living of the masses with economic development;
there are structural transformations in the different sectors of the economy as
well as general improvement in different areas of the country, leading to
increase economic welfare of the citizens. Economic development on the other
hand is
generally
defined as consisting of “Im of the entire population of a country such
improvements are generally manifested
in greater
numbers of useful tools for employable persons, higher real incomes, better
health conditions, (literacy) and better government services.
Given
Nigerians economic structure, population and rate of economic expansion, most
people have blamed Nigerians low growth and development on a high population
that is large and not very productive. Other has opined that the little growth
the country has attained is a direct consequence of a large population.
These
divergences question the theoretical relationship between populated but not
growing but China is highly populated and growing rapidly. Also the growth of
population in Western Europe has lead to its rapid industrialization. This
5
study is
prompted by the need to understand population growth and economic development
in Nigeria.
The Nigeria
population has been growing while the rate of economic growth has such little
improvement the question on how best to exploit the theoretical relationship
between population growth and economic development has persisted for long and
it has become necessary to asses the issues. Thus, this scenario prompts us to
find out whether the increasing population growth has a positive or negative
effect on Nigerians development.
1.3 RESEARCH
QUESTION
The
following questions point to our research
1. Does population growth hamper economic
growth?
2. Does population growth have any effect on
income?
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
following of the study research includes the followings
1. To determine whether a relationship exists
between population growth and economic development.
2. To determine the direction of causality
between population growth and economic growth.
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