THE INFLUENCE OF EXTRA MURAL CLASSES ON STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL STUDIES IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS INFLUENCE OF EXTRA MURAL CLASSES ON STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL STUDIES IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
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THE
INFLUENCE OF EXTRA MURAL CLASSES ON STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL
STUDIES IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS INFLUENCE OF EXTRA MURAL CLASSES ON STUDENT
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL STUDIES IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
This project
investigated the influence of Extra mural Classes on student Academic
performance in Social Studies in Junior Secondary Schools in Ijebu-Ode Local
Government Area of Ogun State. The cardinal purpose of this project was to find
out the influence of extramural classes on students’ Academic performance, and
to ascertain if the purpose of introducing extramural classes into the
educational system has been achieved. In order to achieve the purpose of this
study, a self designed Teacher Questionnaire on the project title was used to
gather information from teachers. The systematic random sampling technique was
used to collect data of fifty teachers from ten Junior Secondary Schools in
Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State. The responses gathered from the teachers were analysed
using chi-square analysis to examine the influence of extramural classes on
students Academic performances. From the findings, it was discovered that
students who attend extramural classes, are well engaged, and make good use of
their extra time. This exercise help permanent learning, which is reflected in
their Academic performance in School.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
Education is
seen as a tool of transformation. It is also a process of transformation.
According to the website Dictionary, education is the act or process of
educating as determined by the knowledge, skill or discipline of character
acquired, also the act or process of training by a prescribed or customary
course of study. Patti (2009) also defined education as an act or process of
impacting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the power of reasoning and
judgment and generally of developing ones self or others intellectually for
mature life. Education or being educated, involves all senses being exposed
to a series of stimulate which will
enhance and grow the mental activity of someone, to active a set of, or a
specific objective (Akualtines 2001).
The National
of policy on Education (NPE 2004) also defined Education as an instrument “par
excellent” for effecting national development. In pursuance of goals of making
education a tool of national development, the government came up with the
following national goal.
A free and
democratic society;
A just and
egalitarian society;
A great and
dynamic society;
A land full
of bright opportunity for all;
The aims and objectives of education are to
instill the basic and necessary discipline, value, skill, and attitude to all
facilities of the individuals, that is, to produce an individual who is honest,
skilled, respective, co-operative and confound to the society ‘s norm and
ethics of the day (NPE 2004).
The importance of education is
recognized by all educational, professional, political, non-political and
religious associations, organization and groups at various levels in their
memorandum, letters, and brochures.
The aims and
objectives of education are the following:
I. Individual Development: the developments
of an individual physically, mentally and spiritually. Developing physical and
mental faculties.
II. Developing child’s character, personality
and culture.
III. Social norms and national development:
Developing a sense of national identity, unity and patriotism.
IV. Social Transformation: Education is aim
at not only adjusting an individual in the society but also to bring about
desirable changes in the society.
V. Acquisition of value.
In attempt
to achieve these educational goals and objectives, the governments and policy
makers designated some subjects at the junior secondary level (JSS) to lower
some aspect of learning experience that can help to achieve National goals of
Education. Some of the important subjects were considered to be core subject.
One of such subjects is social studies (2004 edition of NPE).
Social studies as a field of study
according to fageyinbo 2000 is a study that deals with man and various possible
interaction between him and his environment and the possible outcomes from
such, which make him to understand, interpret, manipulate, and adjust within,
with or to such environment.
The National
council for social studies (2009) further defined social studies as the
integrated study of the social science and humanities to promote civic
competence. According to the National Curriculum Conference on social studies
(NCCS) social studies provides co- ordinates, systematic study, drawing upon
discipline such as anthropology, economics, geography, history, law,
philosophy, political science, psychology, religion and sociology as well as
appropriate content from the humanity in mathematics, and natural science. The
primary purpose of social studies at the junior secondary school level is to
the help young people develop the ability to make informed and reasoned
decision for the public good as citizens of culturally diverse, and democratic
society in an interdependent world.
The National Curriculum Conference
(1969) enunciated the following aims of social studies in Nigeria schools.
I. To help student identify how Nigeria
became a nation, and the need to continue to build a nation and
II. To help students understand and
appreciate democracy including the duties of a citizen to democratic.
III. To help students acquire a sense of
Social responsibility that recognize one’s worth and the dignity and worth of
others.
The wide
field coverage and electric nature of Social Studies (Fageyinbo 2004), the
decline in the standard of Education, the politization of education, the consistent
government policies to mention a few, because hindrances to achieving all these
stated aims and objectives of education and Social Studies (Ogunro 2009).
In striving to revive the falling
standard of education, several efforts were made by the government, schools,
parents and other state holders which include training and re-training of
Social Studies teachers, equipping school library with Social Studies text
books, production and constant review of Social Studies text books, however,
persistence poor academic performance in Social Studies, is an indication that
these efforts did not make desired impact. Further attempts to improve the
situation include the use of extramural classes.
Extramural classes according to the
Webster Dictionary are outside usual study courses/subjects outside or
additional to the usual courses/subjects at a University, College, other
educational institution (including School), though usually connected with them.
They are also educational activities that took place outside the walls or
boundaries of the school., though usually connected with them. They are also
educational activities that took place outside the walls or boundaries of the
school.
Extramural
classes could be inform of after school hours classes, private home classes,
outside school lesson or even break time lesson (usually arranged by the
parents (s) of the child (ren) with the teachers).
One notable features of the Nigeria
education system that began way back, extramural classes hand gradually grows,
along side the mainstream education, where students attend or more strictly
speaking, need to attend, extramural classes with the belief to acquire
knowledge that they do not appear to obtain during their hours in schools. These
extramural have became widespread in Nigeria, especially in urban areas.
Extramural classes or private
tutoring as popularly known is not an issue peculiar to only Nigeria as a
developing country, it is s widespread issue can be found in almost all
countries in the world as observed by Bray and Kwok (2003).
Several reasons have been given for
the continuous existence and growth of extramural classes. Firstly, it is
considered as some form of supplementary education. As such, it can satisfy the
needs of the students as is often the case in most developing countries (Glewwe
and Kremer 2005). In such countries, extramural classes canprovide the
knowledge that students cannot obtain at school, or can strengthen what they
learn briefly in class. In most cases this knowledge is needed by students to
pass competitive examination conducted by different state government and
National Examination Council (NECO). Secondly, extramural classes can also be
considered to be a form of corruption, which is more serious than some
deficiencies in education system, which can easily corrected. This can happen
in some developing countries with weak monitoring system in place, where the
teachers can barely survive on their salaries, and they have to resort in asking
their students to attend extramural classes (organized by them with
collaboration with the school authority) to supplement their monthly income
(Biswal 1999).
Thirdly, cultural factors can be an
important source of encouragement to the growth, and development of extramural
classes. Since extramural classes can be used as supplementary education, and
can be bought, the rich may have more access to high quality of education than
the poor.
Despite the
nature and widespread of extramural classes, there have been very few studies
carried out to look into the causes of extramural classes and fewer studies to
actually find out the level of impact extramural classes is having on students’
academic performance, especially at the Junior Secondary School level and in
Social Studies. This research is aimed at finding out if these goals have been
achieved and if not, what are the likely causes and solution to the situation.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Many people
are of the opinion that students who attend extramural classes perform
academically better than student who do not attend extramural classes. This
assertion calls for investigation, to actually find out whether extramural
classes influence academic performance of students in Social Studies positively.
1.4Purpose
of the Research
This
research study aims at:
i. Finding out which group perform
better academically: students who attend extramural classes or students who do
not attend extramural classes.
ii. Finding out if extramural classes
have any positive influence on students academic performance.
1.4 Research Questions
To carry out this research study, the
following questions need to be answered.
i. Do students who attend extramural
classes perform better than those who do not attend extramural classes?
ii. Do students who attend extramural
classes perform better more excellently than their counterparts who do not
attend extramural classes?
iii. Is extramural classes a ticket to
better performance?
1.5 Research hypotheses
Ho1: There
is no significant difference in performance of students who attend extramural
classes and those who not.
H02:
Students who attend extramural classes do not cope better in classroom
activities than their counterpart.
H03:
Extramural classes are only useful for preparation for professional
examination.
1.6 Significant of the Study
This study
would help the government to know if the goals of the NPE have been achieved.
The study would also help the
government to know what steps to take if the goals are not being achieved.
The study will expose the
difficulties encountered in achieving or not achieving the set goals.
1.8Limitation/Scope
of the Study
Although
this study is wide in range, it will be limited to some selected Junior
Secondary Schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government of Ogun State.
1.8 Definition of Terms
The
following terms were operationally defined:
Extramural
classes: It is an additional or outside usual study at a university, college,
and other institutions of learning.
Students: A
person who is studying at a college, university.
Academic
performance: The level of knowledge attained or skills developed in the school
subject as a test score, or marks assigned by teachers. It is also the level of
success attained.
Social
Studies: It is the study that deals with man and various interactive between
him and his environment and the outcomes from such, which makes him to
understands, interpret such environment.
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