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HIGHER
EDUCATION IN NIGERIA AS CORRELATES OF YOUTH PREPARATION FOR SMALL SCALE
BUSINESS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study
Higher
institutions in Nigeria have been saddled with the main responsibility of
training both youths and the nation’s professional personnel such as managers,
scientists, engineers and technicians who participate in the development,
adaptation and diffusion of innovations in the country. The development of
higher education in the country is correlated with economic development.
However, matching the quality of the products of institutions of higher
learning in the country at present with the country’s higher educational
laudable goals simply reveals that the Nigerian nation has not yet found her
path on what was planned for it through higher education in terms of preparing the
youths for small scale business. It is against this background that this study
examines the extent to which higher education in Nigeria has really succeeded
in preparing youths for small scale business and the world of work.
Higher
education, as defined by National Policy on Education (2013) is the education
given after secondary education in Universities, Colleges of education,
Polytechnics, Monotechnics, including those institutions offering
correspondence courses. The goals of tertiary education in Nigeria as spelt out
by the policy are: to contribute to national development through high level
relevant manpower training; to develop and inculcate proper values for the
survival of the individual and society; to develop the intellectual capability
of individuals to understand and appreciate their local and external
environment; to acquire both physical and intellectual skills which will enable
individuals to be self-reliant and useful members of the society; to promote
and encourage scholarship and community service; to forge and cement national
unity; and to promote national and international understanding and interaction.
On the other
hand, Schumpeter (1994) defines small scale business as the ability to perceive
and undertake business opportunities, taking advantage of scarce resource
utilization. In simplest form, small scale business is the willingness and the
ability to seek out investment opportunities and to run an enterprise for
profit. In this later sense, small scale business takes premium over capital.
It is equally more fundamental than capital because capital formation is the
result of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurs are therefore regarded as
central figures in economic development. Their contributions run through labour
actions, movement of capital goods and conversion of raw materials into
finished products, and ultimately, effectual distribution of the products to
final consumers.
Entrepreneurs
are therefore those who search and discover economic opportunities, marshal the
financial and other resources necessary for the development of the
opportunities, evaluate alternatives available in the environment and allocate
resources to the most profitable ones as well as take the ultimate
responsibility for the management and/or successful execution of opportunities.
An Entrepreneur is somewhat comfortable with taking and assuming risks which
are impassioned with the dream being pursued. He or she knows where to get
help, and when it is needed as well as being ever ready to receive changes in
the business surrounding environment (Schumpeter, 1994).
Consequently,
institutions of higher learning in Nigeria are expected to commence training
high level manpower whose characteristics are usually obsessive, focused,
articulate, and resourceful. In this way graduates will turn out typically
charismatic leaders, and tend to be introspective in the skills of job
creation, wealth generation and innovative skill utilization.
Besides,
empowering Nigerian youths towards wealth creation, employment generation,
poverty reduction and value re-orientation (NEEDS, 2005) is a foremost cardinal
point for strategic macro-economic framework.
This also reflects in the recent increase in the demand for educational
programmes in small scale business in the country’s tertiary institutions,
parastatals and non-governmental paradigms. If fully satisfied, this new vision
and values would shine the spotlight on small medium scale business activities
in Nigeria. Thus, increased higher education on entrepreneurial skills would
create that perfect opportunity to stimulate economic growth. Higher
institutions of learning are therefore to properly train individual youths who
will have the right tools necessary to commence and grow successful businesses
with reduced risk of failure. It is in this vain of activities that higher
education contributes to human resource development in many ways. Investment in
higher education therefore remains a key contributor to the nation’s economic
growth.
Statement of
Problem
It is
worthwhile to re-emphasize here that entrepreneurs and the small businesses
they create are economic stimulators. Our country’s economic growth hinges on
our ability to create new jobs through small scale business, and successful
small scale business, in turn, requires well-trained graduates from our
institutions of higher learning who are aspiring entrepreneurs willing to take
the helm of venture creation. But the underpinning issue at this point still
remains ascertaining whether the quality of education offered at present by
tertiary institutions in the country is the one assuring the genuine
preparation of young graduates for small scale business and not for job
seeking. The above issue of concern is predicated on the apparent hues and cry
of many scholars (Tawari, 2002; and Okoroma, 2006) about the poor quality and
falling standard of tertiary education in Nigeria, which is seriously
incapacitating the system from producing the right type of graduates that suits
the desired human capital needed for job creation and genuine economic growth
and development in the country.
This study
therefore attempts to examine the extent to which higher education in Nigeria
has prepared the youths for small scale business.
Purpose of
Study
The aim of
this study includes the following:
To examine the extent to which university
education influences the development of students’ intellectual skill for small
scale business;
To ascertain whether university education
influences the development of students’ affective skill for small scale
business; and
To determine the extent to which university
education influences the development of students’ psychomotor skill for small
scale business.
Research
Questions
In order to
successfully achieve the above objectives, the questions below were raised to
guide the study.
Has university education been influential
to the development of students’ intellectual skill for small scale business?
How relevant is university education to the
development of students’ affective skill for small scale business?
To
what extent has university education been influential to the development of
students’ psychomotor skill for small scale business?
Research
Hypotheses
The
hypotheses below were stated for the study.
University education has not significantly
influenced the development of students’ intellectual skill for small scale
business.
University education has not significantly
influenced the development of students’ affective skill for small scale
business.
University education has not significantly
influenced the development of students’ psychomotor skill for small scale
business.
Significance
of the Study
This study is significant for providing
relevant information on the need to improve on higher education towards proper
preparation of undergraduates for the world of work.
It will also be a sensitization document to
undergraduates and anybody who accesses it on the paramount importance of going
for small scale business skills development education programmes to acquire
relevant skills that will enable one survive in a depressed economy.
The results of the study are also meant to
create a high level of awareness among prospective graduates on the relevance
of small scale business education.
The study is also significant for articulating
the need for education planners and Nigerian tertiary institutions’ authorities
(private and public) to direct effort at inculcating courses for small scale
business development skills into tertiary institutions’ curricula and
programmes.
Scope of the
Study
This study
focused on examining higher education in Nigeria as correlates of youth
preparation for small scale business. It was limited to determining the extent
to which Nigerian higher education programmes have influenced the development
of the intellectual, affective and psychomotor skills of youths for small scale
business. The study was limited to institutions of higher learning in Lagos
State. Besides, only two hundred students sampled from these institutions were
involved in the study.
Definition
of Terms
The terms
below were operationally defined relative to their usage in the study.
Entrepreneur:
This is a motivated person who seeks profits by undertaking such risky
activities as starting new businesses, creating new products, or inventing new
ways of accomplishing tasks.
Small scale
business: This is the creative ability or skills of individuals to seek profits
by taking risks and combining resources to produce innovative products.
University
Education: This is the education given after secondary education in
universities, including those institutions in the universities offering
graduate and post graduate correspondence courses.
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