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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study
According to
Hornby(2008), science is the knowledge about the structure and behavior of
natural and physical world based on facts that can be proved. Science is the
study of natural phenomena and is distinguished from other fields because it
relies on the hypothetical, deductive and experimental approach.
Ali(2004),
defined science as that which is concerned with nature with regards to
developing, acquiring and controlling knowledge, skills, capacity and attitude
about natural factors of the environment.
According to Hyacinth(2004), Science in its broadest scene refers to all
human activities involving organized knowledge of natural phenomena. It also
refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. Here, system means using observation
and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. According to
Okon, (2003), Science education has a prime position in the development of any
nation. This is because the whole universe revolves around Science. According to
Odoh, (2013), science and technology have been seen as the surest way in the promotion
of economic development, alleviation or eradication of poverty, and
introduction of social welfare in any country. According to Ali (2004) stated
that chemistry has been identified as one of the major branches of science
physical science.
As a core
science subject, a proper teaching of chemistry in secondary schools facilitate
students enrollment into many disciplines like nursing, medicine, pharmacy,
agriculture, engineering, geology etc. Chemistry is a subject that deals with
the composition, structure and properties of matter.
It is binded
up with things around us either physically or chemically. Its combination in
nature can be separated by the different methods o separation. They are often
represented by symbols which are the chemical equations. Chemistry has many use
to man. It is used in the industry like the petrochemical industry,
phamacitical industry, paint and plastic industry etc. infact, it is widely and
industrially used in our everyday life.
Yet, inspite
of all the benefits derived from chemistry, students performance at the senior
secondary school certificate examination in the last few decades is till low.
These poor
performances in chemistry have made some researchers to study the problem with
the hope of finding the causes and possible solutions.
According to
Ali (2008), science education at all levels is played by very many kinds of
problems which includes, under funding of science education, lack of adequate
and appropriate instructional materials, lack of equipments, method of
teaching, inadequate trained science and qualified teachers and dilapidated
laboratories buildings. These problems lead to serious educational setbacks
which invariably leads to low attitude rate of secondary schools science
achievement in Nigeria.
According to
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of current English edition, it defined
attitude as the way of feeling, thinking of behaving towards something or
somebody. Ifeakor (2014), expressed the importance of attitude, station that
feeling is as real, important and a part of nature as much as knowing the
further noted that how a person feel is almost more important to others than
what he knows. Attitude therefore can be positive or negative towards stimuli.
Gardner,
(2005), Munby (2014) Ormerod and Duckworth (2009), all opined that the
development of a positive attitude to science and scientific process is among
the major aims of science teaching. They are of the opinion that promotion of
favorable attitude to science is an important aim of science education. In
harmony with the above, Klopfer (2007), provide a comprehensive classification
scheme or science education aims using six different categories of attitudinal
aims. These he called Test Of Science Related Attitude (TOSRA).
Fraser
(2010), said TOSRA is used for examining the performance of groups of classes
of students to provides information about changes in attitude at a particular
time.
However,
most of the research works were done outside Nigeria. The little one done in
Nigeria, lay much emphasis on geographical location, disease, culture,
socio-economic status of parents especially in the rural areas, gender problem
and home background environmental problems. Among all these factors identified,
influence the students’ attitude to the study of chemistry.
Therefore,
some factors has been identified to influence student’s attitude to the study
of chemistry.
Etesike and
Nnamani, (2006) quoting from Ukungwu, (2003) defined Chemistry as a branch of
physical Science that studies the composition, structure, properties and
changes which matter undergo. Chemistry is chiefly concerned with atoms and
molecules and their interactions and transformations, for example, the
properties of the chemical bonds formed between atoms to create chemical compounds.
As such, chemistry studies the involvement of electrons and various forms of
energy in photochemical reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, changes in
phases of matter, and separation of mixtures. Preparation and properties of
complex substances, such as alloys, polymers, biological molecules, and
pharmaceutical agents are considered in specialized fields of chemistry. Fab
(2014) opines that Chemistry has been identified to be one of the important
subjects needed for the sustenance and transformation of the national economy,
and hence should be accorded adequate attention
According to
Ezeudu(2012), a good Background knowledge in Chemistry Education will not only
make the graduates teachers, Lecturers or Professors in Chemistry but will go a
long way to make them self reliant through the acquisition of some basic
entrepreneurial skills and pedagogical principles. The graduates of chemistry
can go into soap production, fertilizer production, paint production,
production of Germicides , production of perfumes, production of pomades ,
Herbicides to mention but a few. Oriaifo(2002) while stressing the
importance of chemistry education noted that chemistry equips the learner with
specific knowledge skills and attitude which enables him/her become useful to
him/herself and the society at large. In Nigeria, chemistry as a subject
occupies a prominent position in the nation’s secondary and tertiary
curriculum. At the secondary level of education, a credit pass in chemistry is
a pre-requisite for students to further their studies in fields like Medicine,
Pharmacy, Agriculture, Engineering, Home Economics, Biological Science and
other science related fields of Endeavour.
Chemistry do
not just start and end in the classroom or school as often perceived, phenomenon
in chemistry are practiced in our day to day lives in and outside the school.
Okon (2012), identified some of the home chemistry practices as the process of
heating (cooking/warming) of our food, the process of washing our cloths with
soap or detergents, addition of limestone when cooking (eg beans, unripe
plantain etc), the process of boiling grinded fresh tomato to allow the liquid to get dried, addition of salt to
perishable food stuffs in other to preserve them, boiling and filtering of
impure water to make it clean for drinking, the process of putting stainless
steel spoon into meat while boiling, the process of separation of kerosene or
petrol from water, the process of preparation of pap from grounded maize
(corn), the process of spraying insecticides in the house to kill insects, the
act of melting ice block into liquid water for the purpose of drinking,
preparation of our African delicacy fufu, through cassava, the burning of
materials in the presence of air (oxygen), the process of rusting of clean nail
when it has been exposed to air and water (chemical change) etc. this is just
to mention but a few. This goes to show that principles in chemistry are
applied in our day to day activities even in our various homes. These
principles are not just applied in our urban areas, even in our local villages
chemistry is been practiced. For example, in most villages local soap is made
from ashes of burnt plantain peels and used (or bleached) palm oil, quality
drinking water has long been a problem in our local villages so most often
people in the rural areas use alum to purify there drinking water, virtually
all the different cooking practices in the local villages are based on
chemistry phenomenon. Also chemistry knowledge,
principles, concepts and facts have also helped in the development of
appropriate technologies in military, Food preservation, Building, Petroleum,
road Construction, transportation to mention but a few. Also our country that
is mostly dependent on oil for its Revenue can
boast her economy through the encouragement of chemistry education
because a background in chemistry know as Organic chemistry has a lot to say about the various ways which
petroleum and it bye products could be utilized.
Contrary to
these benefits which could be driven from chemistry education, many evidences
have been put forward to illustrate the fact that there is a serious decline in
student’s enrolment in chemistry education in colleges of Education in IMO
State in comparison to other science courses. In support of this, evidence
which the researcher obtained from the admission office of Federal college of
Education Eha-amufu the following data to show as the admitted number of
students between 2009 – 2017.
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