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UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS
AMONG GRADUATES OF HIGHER INSTITUTIONS (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU METROPOLIS)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
This chapter provides a broad overview of the employment
situation in graduate s which is a major concern of government and their social
partner throughout the region. Theapproach is rather general and highlights
major issues concerning employment problems and prospects in the region.
Because of data limitation, it does not attempt a comprehensive and
quantitative analysis of the employment situation. it brings with an
examination of the employment problems, including background information on its
origin and trends, and then looks at the nature and underlying causes of
contemporary unemployment. Unemployment of a large portion of the labor force
is a central problem now in almost all the underdeveloped countries.
The phenomenon of
chronic unemployment has
become the major concern of
successive Nigerian government. The phenomenon of joblessness creates
much concern for the individual Nigerians. According to the 1966 - 67 manpower
surveys in Nigeria, the proportion of the labour force in Nigeria not working
is 1 - 7 percent, which means that nearly two of every one hundred member of
the potential labor are unemployed.
Unemployment has thus reached such an alarming situation
today that is perhaps considered the most serious of the problem affecting
Nigeria and one that is steadily worsening as the gap between the rapid rising
member pressing for work and the new employment opportunities being created
widens.
In the underdeveloped countries such as Nigeria however
employment benefits are not available to the unemployed. the income level of
the great majority of families makes the provision of unemployment benefits
virtually impossible thus those unable to find jobs or these discharged from
their previous employments re left to fend for themselves. in under developed
countries majority of job seekers are therefore forced to create employment for
themselves particularly in the rural agricultural sectors where they force
disguised unemployment. in the context of this study both those who are
disguised unemployment. in the context of this study both those who are
disguisedly unemployed and those who are openly unemployed are lumped together
as the unemployed.
thus unemployment is define briefly as the negative aspect of
the economic process for an unemployed person is one who despite his
willingness and capacity to work is unable to do so for reasons inherent in the
organization of the commodity production.
1.2 STATEMENT OF
RESEARCH PPROBLEMS
Unemployment rates are particularly high among graduate and
especially among school leaves, giving rise increasingly to the problems of
"educated unemployment". paradoxically, graduate unemployment seems
to be correlated with levels of education attained in some cases. This is
particularly true for school leavers in, for example, Nigeria where the
proportion of the unemployed with secondary education increased from 24 to 51
percent 10 between 1974
And 1985. graduate
employment rates are
probably 3 - 4 times higher than those of older workers, and
in many countries in the region
open unemployment among graduate as a group in the labour could be as 40 - 50
percent.
Moreover, graduate s and new entrants to the labour force are
as well placed as experienced workers to find employment in new opportunities
or to go into self employment. Theproblems of graduate unemployment reflect the
contraction of jobs in the modern sector and declining rate of job creation in
that sector. It also suggests serious labour market distortions related to the
development and utilization of human resources in the context
of changing economic circumstances. further, the problem of
graduate unemployment islinked to the fact of many African countries, as
already noted, continue to record relatively high rates of population growth,
and the population structure of some of those countries is overwhelmingly young
will children of school going age accounting for as much as half of the total
population in some cases.
11
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE
STUDY
Unemployment has become a current and a current universal
problem in Nigeria. The impact presently has been felt by 80% of Nigerian's
families. The efforts of our government to curb it are inadequate or
misdirected, so positive results are not yet in sight.
Unemployment has brought hardship and object poverty to many
families. The level of adult dependency has increased, so the rate of saving in
our economy is declining. The problem has also led to increase in crime waves
and rates. All these could spell doom for the nation. It is deemed fit to
embark on this study as a contribution towards the eradication of the problems
of unemployment and its accompanying problems and hardship to the individual
and in general.
Our primary motive of carrying out this study were born of
the desire to contribute in any meaningful way the idea of how the glowing rate
of unemployment in Nigeria can be dealt with in order to reduce its social and
other consequences especially on our leaders of tomorrow to at least a minimum.
12
The roles of government to assist people see the need of
solving their numerous problems of which unemployment is an integral part.
Asgraduate s generally regarded, as catalyst of national development are no
longer assumed of job security and reliable source of livelihood. We see this
as warming signal, showing that dangeris looming and if nothing is done to
arrest the situation; it may spell out a disaster which nobody in this country
can afford
to
avoid.
1.4 RESEARCH /QUESTIONS/
HYPTHESIS IN THE
(SYSTEM)
The data and information that will be used in conducting this
research study will include both primary and secondary data which involves
personal observation, book, journals, company, documents, internet downloads
and a number of others white ups and presentations which are relevant to this
study.
Personal interview will also be carried out with
entrepreneurs manage and finance personal in addition to issue questionnaires.
13
The method of data analysis to a adopted and used in this
research study will used of statistical tools which are the simple percentage
alongside the chi - square tests.
This research study is not an exception to hypothesis
formulation and testing. The researcher intends to formulate and test the
research hypothesis as follows.
Research hypothesis
The stress to obtain the necessary information requiredfro
this research work has been given rise to the following hypothesis.
Ho: The current Educational system is not serving our
societal need.
Hi;The current educational system is not serving our societal
need
Ho: What means could the graduates unemployment be
eradicated.
H1: There is no means graduates unemployment be eradicated
14
Ho: The government address itself to the problems of
graduateunemployment galore?
Hi;The government has not address itself to the problems of
graduate unemployment galore
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
The case study or area where the problem has more impact in
view of the problems created by unemployment in Enugu state despite government
conscious efforts to create employment opportunities in the country, the
interest on this problem is to determine through facts and figure the level of,
and trend in unemployment in the country with the view to making lasting
policy, recommendations that will ameliorate the problem of unemployment.
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE
STUDY
The limitation of the study is in Enugu so anything that
explains unemployment outside this area will be irrelevant and useless.
15
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is in Enugu and it touches on the
various unemployment problems, forms of unemployment. Unemployment has been one
of the most persisted and unmanageable problems facing all industrial countries
of the world. If not handled adequately, it will not be eliminated. The
underlying causes of the serious employment problem in Nigeria are linked both
to supply - side factors, which determines the demand for laborthrough the
influence on main economic and labor market trends.
on the supply side, apart from population growth, salient
characteristics of the labor force such as educational and skill level and
mobility of labor can influence the level and distribution of employment, on
the demand side the capacity of Nigeria economy to absorb labor into productive
employment is influenced mainly by the rate and pattern of economic growth as
well as by the structure and efficiency of production.
Unemployment may actually be higher among women than men in
Nigeria. although this is lately depicted in recorded statistics many women in
the country are officially outside the labor force i.e. house wives and are not
actively seeking work, but it is likely that because of the need to argument
household income many of these women would in fact take a job opportunities if
these were available. The participation and unemployment rates of women in the
labor force in Nigeria do not as such include the large reserve of women whose
unemployed" status is concealed and not included in official statistics.
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