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TAXATION AND ITS EFFECT
ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY (A CASE STUDY OF EDO STATE TAX SYSTEM)
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate on taxation and its
effects in the Nigeria economy. One of the objective carried out by the
researcher was to examine peoples perception on taxation.
Taxation is seen as a tool aimed at improving the performance
of the national economy by such means as altering the balance between current
consumption and capital investment.
It looked at the work of other authors in order to make the exercise richer.
Their different views were seen in different books and other materials
(journal) which made this study much better than similar works in this area.
In carrying out this study, the researcher used both primary
and secondary data. Qestionnaries and interviews were used in generating the
primary data while the secondarry data were obtained through library researcher
and other sources.
The purposive sample of 147 respondents were randomly
selected for the study to avoid numerous errors in the calculation. From the
data collected and analysed, it was evident that tax collection plays a great
role in the development of the Nigeria economy.
Conclusively, discussion, summary, conclusion, and
recommendations were made to achieve the purpose of this work.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Purpose of study
1.4 Significance of the study
1.5 Scope and delimitation
1.6 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Taxation theory
2.2 The objectives and importance of taxation and economic
policy.
2.3 Imposition of taxes and income chargeable under various
tax laws and acts and the relevant tax authority.
2.4 Ascertainment of income for tax purposes.
2.5 Types and qualities of taxation.
2.6 Tax effects on the economy.
2.7 Tax effects on production and distribution.
2.8 Tax effecttt on consumption and savings.
2.9 Tax effects on investment and efficiency.
2.10 Tax evasion and avoidance.
2.11 Current charges in personal income taxation.
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH, DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research instruments.
3.2 Sources of data.
3.3 Sampling procedure.
3.4 Statistical treatmente
3.5 Dta analysis.
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
DATA.
4.1 Data analysis,presentation and interpretation.
4.2 Test of hypothesis.
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION.
5.1 Summary of findings.
5.2 Conclusion.
5.3 Recommendation.
Bibiography .
Appendices.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Taxation is the system of raising money in form of taxes paid
by the citizens of the country in return for the services rendered by the
government.
It could be recalled that taxation is instituted by God, this
is traced back to “Mattew chapter 22 vs. 17-21”, when the Pharisees asked Jesus
whether it is lawful to pay taxes or not. The Pharisees were later told render
therefore to Caesars the things that are Caesar’s and to God the things that
are to God.
According to Lekan .S.
etal (2006), tax was described and not defined in the statues, but according to
Cambridge international dictionary of English, it is “an amount of money paid
to the government usually a percentage (%) of personal income or company
profits”.
According to Okpe I.I (2000) tax is the transfer of resources
and income from the private sector to the public sector in order to achieve some of the nation’s
economic and social goals.
Taxation is universally accepted as a powerful tool in the
hands of any government to raise income for its services and to ensure
equitable distribution of income among its citizens.
Therefore, in every modern communities, a large amount of
taxation is necessary for a public expenditure increases to promote social
progress, taxation which is the main sources of funds also increases.
The present tax laws in Nigeria emanated from the Raismais
commission in 1957. Before this time we only had what was called the income tax
ordinance for the colonies and which was rather common in all the colonies and
the provisions were very similar. Raim’s recommendation was the basis
of provision in the Nigerian constitution order council of 1960 section 70(1)
which conferred an exclusive power upon the parliament to make laws for Nigeria
or any part thereof with certain uniform principles in respect of personnel
income tax.
During 1963 when Nigeria became a republic, the mid-western
region was created out of the western region and they adopted the western
region tax law accordingly with the amendments, the position under the
republican constitution of 1963 and that the regions (now divided into states)
assumed jurisdiction over the income tax of person other than companies. While
the federal government assumed jurisdiction over the taxation of companies, the
uniform principles under the income tax management act and the regional taxes
in the federal territory of Lagos.
Thus, after the creation of former 12 states in 27th may
1967, the state assumed the tax laws of the regions in which they were before
the creation of such states. The uniform principle covered by the income tax
management act of 1961 were as follows:
(i) Specifies what income are exempted from tax.
(ii) What constitute income for tax purposes.
(iii) Upholds residence on the basis for taxation or in the
alternative, the principal place of business.
(iv) And recently prescribed the rates of tax and personal
reliefs.
1.2: STATEMENTOF THE PROBLEM
There is high incidence of tax evasion and avoidance by tax
payers. This may affect the amount of revenue collectible by the government for
the running of administration.
Furthermore, it is hoped that people were wrongly assessed
and the assessment sometimes result to regressive taxation.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study include the following:
(a) To examine the causes and reasons for high tax evasion
and avoidance.
(b) To generate revenue to help the government to finance
ever-increasing public sector expenditure.
(c) To promote social, economic, and good governance through
provision of merit goods.
(d) To examine the effect on economy, the high incidence of
tax evasion and avoidance.
(e) To examine people’s perception on taxation.
1.4: SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
The topic “taxation and its effects of the Nigerian economy”,
will educate the entire public on how the federation could encourage economic
development and also how a reduced tax could promote the standard of living of
the tax payer and increases his capital formation and investment thereby,
resulting in a higher gross National Product(GNP) of the economy(country) and
also promote the industrial development of the nation and Enugu state in
particular.
The study will be of immense benefit to the following group
of persons.
(a) Government of the federation of Nigeria, especially the
Enugu State Government.
(b) The business community for the purpose of companies
income tax.
(c) The tax experts especially the practicing professional
accountants.
(d) Enugu state university community.
(e) The Nigerian Institute of Management and Nigerian
Statisticians.
(f) The economist and financial analysts or capitalist.
(g) The students of Accountancy profession and other allied
professions.
(h) The tax-payers, especially the employers of labour and the
employees of various organisations.
(i) Tax researchers.
1.5:SCOPE AND DELIMITATION.
This topic, taxation and its effect on the Nigerian economy(A
case study of Enugu state tax system and economy) should have been expected to
cover all the 36 states of the federation and Abuja and the entire economy but
the writer intends to limit this topic to only Enugu state due to financial
handicap, distance and time constraints.
Therefore, since the same tax Acts are applied throughout the
federation Republic of Nigeria, the study of Enugu tax system and economy shall
be deemed to serve other states of the federation. Thus, the writer will rely
heavily on the board of internal Revenue and state ministry of finance and
Economy planning since they have adequate information and data on the
government of Enugu state of Nigeria, thereby covering all the local government
areas of the state.
Since there are often changes in the tax laws of Acts both at
the state and federal level of government, the writer may wish to visit the
chief inspector of taxes of some urban and rural local government areas in the
state in other to confirm the information or data so collected from the Board
of Internal Revenue and the state Ministry of Finance and Economy Planning.
1.6 DEFINTION OF
TERMS.
I.T.M.A: Income tax management Act of 1961, which deals with
chargeable income and how they are administered.
C.I.T.A: Companies income tax Acts of 1979 which deals with
profit chargeable in respects to companies.
P.I.T.D: Personal income tax degree/Act of 1993 as amended
deals with profit chargeable in respect of individuals.
HYPOTHESIS: It is an idea or suggestion put forward for
reasoning or explanation .subject to confirmation or rejection.
LAW OF TERRITORY: This means any enforce in a particular
territory example, state, or country.
METHODOLOGY: It is the science or study of methods or ways to
be adopted in a given direction.
TAX EVASION: This means trying to escape tax liability by an
individual.
DIRECT TAXES: This means that taxes are levied on income and
property of individuals or group of individuals who bears their full burden.
INDIRECT TAXES: These are the taxes levied on goods and
services and are paid by individuals by virtue of their associating with the
goods and services.
EARNED INCOME: It is the income which the tax payer actually
earned, which may require mental and physical exercise such as salaries, wages,
e t c.
UNEARNED INCOME: This income accrue whether or not the tax
payer is there or not, example, rent, interest, royalties, and dividends.
OTHER INCOMES: It is the income which comes once in a while
and they are not regular, thereby undetermined example, gift of windfall
income, lottery winnings e t c.
REFERENCES
Lekan, S. (2006). Taxation Principles And Practice In Nigeria. Ibadan: Publishing
Company.
Okpe, I.I. (2000).
Personal Income Tax In Nigeria.Enugu:
Ochumba printing and Publishing
Company.
Ola, C.S. (1981).
Income Tax Laws For Corporate And Unincorporated Bodies in Nigeria.
Ibadan: Heinemann
Educational Books Limited.
Osita, A.(2004). Taxation And Tax Management In Nigeria .
Eungu: Meridian Associates
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