CULTURE AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S THE JOYS OF MOTHERHOOD AND CHIMAMANDA ADICHIE’S PURPLE HIBISCUS
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CULTURE AND
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S THE JOYS OF MOTHERHOOD AND
CHIMAMANDA ADICHIE’S PURPLE HIBISCUS
ABSTRACT
Over the years, the major challenge facing the female folk is
discrimination and unfair treatment in the society. This work discusses
cultural practices that discriminate against women. This research work is a
critical analysis of two African novels: Buchi Emecheta’s The Joy of
motherhood, and Chimamanda Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus. For secondary sources,
materials were got from the internet and library. It is discovered that several
cultural practices discriminate and oppress the female folks. Such practices
are identified in the selected texts for this work and critically examined. It
is hoped that an awareness of such practices will eventually eradicate the
social inequalities that are engendered by such practice in the African
society.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Purpose of Study.
Scope and Limitation.
Research Problems.
Research Methodology
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Origin of Feminism.
Definition of Feminism
Aims of Feminism.
Types of Feminism.
Feminists in Africa
2.2.0 Discrimination.
2.2.1 Type of Discrimination.
2.2.2 Discrimination against Women
2.3.0 Cultural Against Women
2.3.1 Subordination of Women.
2.3.2 Female Oppression in Widowhood Practices
2.3.3 Female Genital Cutting/Female Circumcision.
2.3.4 Polygamous Practices
2.3.5 Female Sacrifice
Background Information on Buchi Emecheta and a Synopsis of
the Joys of
Motherhood
Chimamanda Adichie (Purple Hibiscus)
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Practices against Women
3.1.1 Preference of Male over Female Child
3.1.2 Polygamous Practices
3.1.2.1 Acquisition of Concubine
3.1.2.2 Disrespect to Legal Wives
3.1.2.3 Multiple Wives
3.1.3 Maltreatment of Wives by Husbands
3.1.3.1 Wife Battering
3.1.3.2 Denial of Marital Rights
3.1.3.3 Dereliction of Duties
3.1.4 Marriage and Bride Price
3.1.5 Female Sacrifice
3.1.5.1 Sacrifice of Life/salve Murder
3.1.5.2 Sacrifice to Gods
3.1.5.3 Sacrifice to Marriage
3.1.6 Widowhood Practices
3.1.6.1 Marriage to Deceased’s Brother
3.1.6.2 Maltreatment of Widows
3.1.6.3 Effect of Widowhood Practices on Families
3.2 Cultural Beliefs about Motherhood
3.2.1. Child Bearing (Male)
3.3.2 Ensure Peace and Order
3.2.3 Valuing Children
3.2.4 Being a Prisoner
3.3 Survival of Women without Men
3.4 Conclusion
CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS OF PURPLE HIBISCUS
4.0 Introduction.
4.1 Discrimination against women in Purple Hibiscus
4.1.1 Violence against women
4.1.1.1 Wife Battering
4.1.1.2 Wife Enslavery
4.1.1.3 Wife Desertion
4.1.2 Preference of male to female child
4.1.3 Maltreatment of women by men
4.1.4 Interference in families
4.2 Child Upbringing
4.3 Effect of Parentage on Children
4.4 Effects of Discrimination on Women
4.5 Survival of women without men
4.6 Conclusion.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction.
5.1 Summary.
5.2 Findings.
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendations
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Throughout history women generally have had fewer legal
rights and career opportunities than men, wifehood and womanhood were
considered as women’s most significant professions, and they were long
considered naturally weaker than men. Their rights and being were taken for
granted. Silence became the virtue of women but with education, the silence was
broken. Chambers 21st.century dictionary (2004, p. 327) says:
Culture is the custom, ideas, values etc of a particular
civilization, society or social group, especially at a particular time, and the
appreciation of art, music, literature etc. improvement and development through
care and training.
Reuters .T. (2011, p.1) reports that; “Discrimination is to
distinguish, single out, or make a distinction in everyday life, when faced
with more than one option.” For the purpose of this research, the definition of
women in chambers 21st century dictionary (2004, p.1631) will be used “women
generally: the female sex.” Wikipedia (2010) assert that; “discrimination against
women is the attitude and beliefs in relation to the female gender that they
are less important, such beliefs and attitudes are of social nature and do not
normally carry any legal consequences.”
With these definitions, we can therefore define culture and
discrimination against women as the cultural practices against the female folks
that support men. Discrimination against women has become customs passed from
generations to generations. In African, many cultural practices are against
women. Women are beaten by husbands and are always blamed for not been able to
produce children. Even when it is not confirmed that they are responsible for
the marital problems, they suffer for those problems. Married woman could be
replaced at anytime by their husbands because culture supports that men could
marry many women.
Female children are not always given the best upbringing;
they are trained in the kitchen, instead of school. Male children are brought
up well because they are known to be the people who will take their family from
generations to generation. Therefore, with the use of Buchi Emecheta’s work,
The Joys of Motherhood, many discriminatory acts against woman will be
analyzed; to signify the cultural practices discriminating against women. Also,
through the works of Chimamanda Adichie; Purple Hibiscus, discrimination
against women will be identified. Cultural practices discriminating against
women have been on for long and needs to stop.
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The study intends to examine culture and discrimination against
women, using two carefully selected novels as primary data, Buchi Emecheta’s
The Joys of Motherhood and chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus. Using
radical Feminism to show that women should be treated equally as men and that
gender differences is no excuse for discrimination. This research work aim at
bringing out how cultural practices affect women, the pain it brings and the
survival of women.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION
Researchers over the year have worked on how to stop gender
inequality, especially discrimination against women. However it is important we
know that some cultural practices affect women.
This study is therefore embarked on to discuss the aspects of
culture discriminating against women. Two aspects will be studied in this
research the cultural aspect representing the old using The Joys of Motherhood
and the religion aspect representing the modern period using Purple Hibiscus.
It is hoped that the proper analysis of this work will ginger
writers to the awareness that much needs to be done on gender inequality in the
society. This work will also contribute to the body of knowledge, and the
society in general especially to the feminist and female folks.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The researcher finds it difficult to bring out so many
cultural practices discriminating against women, as a result of limited time
coupled with financial constrain available for the study.
As such this work will analyse culture and discrimination
against women only in two selected novels. The research will also limit its
scope on some materials from the library, internet and the two selected novels:
Buchi Emecheta and Chimamanda The Joys of Motherhood and Purple Hibiscus
respectively.
1.4 RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Women have for long been discriminated against, oppressed and
not given equal rights in life and in literary works, also we cannot but obey
the customs and traditions of our land, however some cultural practices affect
women.
Thus, this study will investigate how some cultural practices
discriminate against women, what women go through because of traditional
beliefs and their survival.
1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research work intends to carry out an investigation on
culture and discrimination against women, through the proper analysis of the
two carefully selected novels Buchi Emecheta and Chimamande Adichie: The Joys
of Motherhood and Purple Hibiscus respectively. In analyzing these books
radical feminism will be used. Sotunsa (2008, p.11) reports that:
Radical Feminism argues that, women’s oppression storms from being
categorized as inferior to men on the basis of gender. Therefore radical
Feminism aim to destroy the sex classed system.
The researcher uses radical Feminism to challenge male
control. This work will present radical female protagonists, desperate to achieve
their aim, not minding the consequences of their action. Through the female
characters in the two selected novels, proper analysis of how cultural
practices discriminate against women will be identified.
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