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CAUSES OF EXCESS FLOOD
IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Flood is the overflow of water into an environment that is
normally dry thereby causing inundation and harm to plants and animals,
including man. Its harm can be extended to man’s buildings and infrastructures
(Udosen, 2011). Most flood definitions include damage they cause and depend on
their sources or types and magnitude. In the case of flood resulting from
rivers, Ating (2003) defines it as a relatively high flow which overtakes the
natural channels provided for run–off as well as a high stream which overtops
its natural or artificial banks. Wolf (1965) also describes flood as high rate
of discharge in water sources and the inundation of normally dry lands. West
(1991) further states that flood is a body of water which rises to overflow its
banks or low- lying areas. All over the world, flood is known to cause great
damage to people’s lives, belongings and properties. Flood causes one third of
deaths, one third of all injuries and one third of all damage from natural
disasters (Askew, 1999 and Etuonovbe, 2011). This damage is normally felt by
various “receptors” being people, buildings, infrastructure, agriculture, and
open recreational spaces. Even social and emotional costs from flooding are
significant and are often widespread and indiscriminate in flooded areas. They
include displacement from homes, loss of personal valuables, fear and
insecurity caused by such experience. The economy can be serially affected by
flooding as businesses may lose patronage, stock, data and productivity.
Tourism, farming and livestock can equally be affected. Utilities and transport
infrastructure can be rendered inefficient by flood. Portable water supplies
may be contaminated in a flood which has immediate health effects upon human
beings and animals. Other vital infrastructures may also be damaged just like
the loss of electricity experienced in Britain in 2007 summer floods (RIBA,
2009). Even in a developed country such as the United Kingdom, the Association
of British Insurers has estimated the cost of the July, 2007 flooding, in
insurance claims alone at over 3 billion pounds (RIBA, 2011). The pattern of
flooding is similar in all parts of the world. In Nigeria for instance,
flooding has forced millions of people out from their homes, destroyed
businesses, polluted water sources, and increased the risk of diseases (Baiye,
1988, Akinyemi, 1990, Nwaubani, 1991 and Edward- Adebiyi, 1997). a) Sources of
flooding Generally, there are six recognized sources of flooding namely: tidal
flooding, fluvial flooding, ground water, pluvial flooding, flooding from sewers
and flooding from man – made infrastructure. Ø Tidal Flooding Sea and river
defenses may be overtopped by a combination of low pressure weather systems and
high tides. Its duration is limited by the cycle of the tides where drainage is
available. Fluvial Flooding - When rainfall or snow occurs in rivers, the
capacity is exceeded and as a result, there is a rising water level which can
in turn overflow into the floodplains close to the river. Ground Water - As
ground water levels rise, low lying area sitting over aquifers may flood. This
type of flood is mainly seasonal and slow. Pluvial Flood -Refers to surface
water from rainwater – run-off mainly from urban or rural land that has low
absorbency. As developments increase in urban areas, land surfaces increase in
their areas of non-permeable surfaces and combines into intense rainfall which
gives rise to localized flooding. Flooding from Sewers occurs where there are
faulty sewers or where sewage capacity is exceeded normally due to large
surface water runoff over a short time. Flooding from Man – made Infrastructure
occurs when man-made structures like canals and reservoirs fail resulting in
flooding areas downstream (RIBA 1999).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Although floods can happen at any time during the year, there
are some typical seasonal patterns for flooding in Uyo Local Government Area,
based on the variety of natural processes that cause floods. Rainy Season
floods are produced by heavy rainfall on wet ground which penetrates into lands
which were previously dry and causes a lot of damages to people and properties.
1.3 Objectives of the
Study
The main thrust of this study has been to assess the
immediate and remote causes of frequent flooding in Uyo metropolis.
Specifically, it aims to;
1. Determine the major causes which may be more responsible
for the recent incidences of flooding in Uyo city.
1.4 Research
Questions
1. What are the
causes of frequent flooding in Uyo metropolis?
1.5 Research
Hypothesis
Ho: There is no frequent flooding in Uyo metropolis.
Hi: There is frequent flooding in Uyo metropolis.
1.6 Significance of
the Study
This study will help to determine the causes which may be
responsible for the recent incidences of flooding in Uyo city. To be able to do
this successfully, a number of physical flood characteristics were evaluated.
These critical physical characteristics include:
a) Depth of water
b) Duration of inundation
c) Area of inundation
d) Velocity of flow
e) Frequency – recurrence relations
f) Floodtime (Flood time lapse or flood-to-peak interval)
g) Seasonality
h) Peak flood
i) Rate of discharge increase and decline.
j) Sediment load and
k) Total flood run-off volume.
1.7 Scope of the
Study
The study focuses on the causes of excess flood in Uyo Local
Government Area, AkwaIbom state, Nigeria. UyoLocal Government Area is used as
the case study for this research due to the incessant flood occurrence in Uyo
during raining seasons and her representative nature to other flood prone areas.
1.8 Limitations of
the Study
The area of study is Uyo metropolis. This metropolis is
situated in Uyo Local Government Area. It is highly urbanized, virtually all
parts of Uyo lie within the Capital City Development Area (UCCDA). The study
however has some limitations most especially in the area of data collection.
Financial constraints as well as time available for the completion of the study
are among other factors that would limit the scope of the study.
1.9 Definition of
Terms
Flood:An overflow of a large amount of water beyond its
normal limits, especially over what is normally dry land.
UyoLGA:Is the
capital of AkwaIbom State in Nigeria.
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